Page 67 - Read Online

Han et al. Carbon Footprints 2025, 4, 25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2025.18 Page 9 of 20

Figure 4. Lorenz curves of CH emissions in the B&R countries. (A) PBEs; (B) CBEs; (C) PBEs; (D) CBEs; (E) PBEs; (F) CBEs.
4
Overall, CH emissions per capita fluctuated over time in H-H and L-L income groups, while U-M and L-M
4
groups showed opposite trends. Notably, per capita PBEs were higher than CBEs in all income groups
except for H-H countries. H-H countries maintained relatively high per capita CBEs, reflecting a tendency
to consume more than they produce, although this gap has been narrowing. From a production perspective,
the gap between PBEs and CBEs fluctuated and widened in U-M countries, narrowed and then expanded in
L-M and L-L income groups.

Decoupling status evolution
From a production perspective, the B&R region showed a weak decoupling (WD) state, meaning that the
economic growth outpaced the growth rate of CH emissions. More than 70% of B&R countries exhibited
4
strong decoupling (SD) or weak decoupling (WD), with SD accounting for 23.74% and WD for 53.24%.