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Han et al. Carbon Footprints 2025, 4, 25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2025.18 Page 5 of 20
Figure 1. Flow diagram of the methane emissions accounting framework.
between 0.4 and 0.5 point to moderate inequality, while values above 0.5 indicate severe inequality.
Decoupling decomposition analysis
To clarify the correlation between economic development and CH emissions, the Tapio decoupling model
4
was applied to measure the decoupling effect between GDP growth and CH emissions in the B&R
4
countries . The Tapio decoupling index is defined as Eq. (7):
[39]
where t represents the decoupling index between CH emissions and GDP, Δc and Δg denote the growth
C,G
4
rates of CH emissions and GDP, respectively, and c and g represent the baseline values of CH emissions
0
0
4
4
and GDP, respectively. Different decoupling states are classified according to the value of the decoupling
index.
The LMDI decomposition method was then used to identify the main factors influencing CH emissions,
4
while the Kaya identity was employed to decompose these drivers . Since CH emissions are distributed
[57]
4
across different industrial sectors, PBEs and CBEs were further divided into four primary industries, i.e.,
agriculture, industry, construction, and services. To identify the main drivers of CH emissions, including
4
emission intensity, industrial structure, economic level, and population size, the decoupling decomposition
for each country is expressed in Eq. (8):
