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Page 8 of 20 Han et al. Carbon Footprints 2025, 4, 25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2025.18

Figure 3. Statistical characteristics of CH emissions in the B&R countries. notes: The scatter box diagram displays six values and one
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curve: maximum, 75th percentile, mean, median, 25th percentile, minimum, and the normal distribution curve. (A) PBEs; (B) CBEs.

Figure 5 presents CH emissions across income groups in the B&R region. The results reveal a positive
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correlation between CH emissions and economic development: countries with higher income levels
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generally had higher per capita CH emissions, whereas those with lower income levels had lower emissions.
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Globally, per capita CH emissions declined, whereas they rose in the B&R region. In particular, the per
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capita CBEs in the B&R region, initially lower than the global average, later surpassed it, while per capita
PBEs consistently remained above the global average.

For PBEs, per capita emissions in H-H income countries decreased slightly from 1.70 to 1.63 tCO -eq, at an
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annual reduction rate of 0.26%. In L-L income countries, PBEs fell from 0.73 to 0.69 tCO -eq per capita,
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with a higher annual reduction rate of 0.32%. Conversely, PBEs in U-M and L-M income countries
increased, rising from 1.12 to 1.28 tCO -eq (3.08% annual growth) and from 0.98 to 0.99 tCO -eq per capita
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(0.09% annual growth), respectively.
For CBEs, H-H income countries saw a decrease from 2.02 to 1.76 tCO -eq per capita, with an annual
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reduction rate of 0.80%. U-M income countries experienced an increase from 1.02 to 1.16 tCO -eq per
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capita (0.79% annual growth). L-M income countries’ CBEs grew more rapidly than PBEs, from 0.85 to
1.04 tCO -eq per capita, with an annual growth rate of 1.38%. In L-L income countries, CBEs first increased
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and then decreased.