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Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.92 Page 31 of 41

Table 1. Classification of congenital coronary artery anomalies

(A) Anomalous origin of the coronary artery (origin from other than the aorta)*
(B) Aberrant the coronary artery (origin from the aorta but from the contralateral aortic sinus of Valsalva with variation in the epicardial course)*
(C) Bridging (when the epicardial coronary artery dips within the myocardial layers)
(D) Ostial stenosis or atresia (these conditions may be isolated or may occur in association with other defects)
(E) Coronary arteriovenous fistula
*Variations of the origin and course of coronary arteries in association with other congenital heart defects, namely, tetralogy of Fallot,
transposition of the great arteries and other defects are not included in this outline of classification. Modified from Ref. [43] .

Figure 56. Selected video frames in a suprasternal notch projection illustrating retrograde diastolic flow (RDF) in the descending aorta
(DAo) in two separate premature infants (A, B), each having a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). These babies are expected to have
hemodynamically significant PDAs. The low magnitude systolic flow (SF) (*) indicates no sign of descending aortic narrowing.
Reproduced from Ref. [36] .

Figure 57. Echocardiographic study in parasternal short-axis projections featuring a small patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (arrow in A)
with a shunt from the descending aorta (DAo) to the pulmonary artery (PA). High Doppler flow velocity through the PDA by
continuous wave Doppler sampling (B) indicates a low PA pressure. The Doppler flow velocity in diastole (Diast) (arrow) of 2.9 m/s
[36]
may be utilized to compute the PA diastolic pressure (see the text in Part I for additional discussion). Reproduced from Ref. . Ao:
Aorta; P: peak velocity.