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Page 30 of 41 Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.92

Figure 54. Echo-Doppler study in the parasternal short-axis projection illustrating how to measure the minimal ductal diameter. The
color flow signal of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as shown in (B) is removed and the 2-dimensional (2D) minimal diameter is
measured in (A). Descending aorta (DAo), pulmonary artery (PA), and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) are labeled. Reproduced
[36]
from Ref. .

Figure 55. (A) Echo-Doppler studies from a suprasternal notch projection demonstrating laminar flow pattern in the descending aorta
(DAo) in a premature baby with a small patent ductus arteriosus (not shown). (B) A continuous wave Doppler trace displays typical
systolic flow (SF) (*) and normal anterograde flow in diastole (ADF) in the DAo. Note that the diastolic flow is visualized below the
reference line. Reproduced from Ref. [36] .

Complete forms of AVSDs are also classified on the basis of relative sizes of the ventricles: balanced
[Figures 64 and 65] and unbalanced [Figure 66]. Unbalanced AVSDs make up 10% to 15% of AVSDs. The
unbalanced forms may have LV dominance with a big LV and small RV, or have RV dominance with a big
RV and small LV [Figure 65]; RV-dominant AVSDs occur more often.

CORONARY ARTERY ABNORMALITIES
Congenital
Congenital abnormalities of the coronary arteries (CAs) are infrequent and constitute approximately 0.1%
[43]
to 2% of all CHDs. The classification of these anomalies is listed in [Table 1] .