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Page 6 of 19 Shaikh et al. Mini-invasive Surg 2020;4:89 I http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1225.2020.97

Figure 5. Oi scope with malleable instruments and pistol grip handle

[37]
[Figure 6A]. This system also has an optical obturator for scope insertion under visualization [Figure 6B] .
Parallel developments in rigid endoscope were also undertaken by other companies such as Wolf from
USA, Rudolf from Germany, and Olympus and Machida from Japan. The use of HD visualization has
greatly improved accuracy of endoscopic neurosurgery and the recent introduction of 4K display system is
a big stride forward in better visualization. Experience with 3D-HD endoscopy has slowly started gaining
momentum in the field of neurosurgery. As compared to the traditional 2D display, 3D system provides
[38]
a better depth perception especially for those neurosurgeons starting out in this field . This has still not
come in wider use because of limited availability and much higher costas well as due to the familiarity
of most experienced neurosurgeons with dynamic endoscopy and 2D HD systems. Although this review
focuses mainly on cranial endoscopy, a brief overview of spinal endoscopic system is given. One of the
[39]
earliest innovators in spine endoscopic surgery was Destandau from France. By using the ENDOSPINE
System (Karl Storz, Germany), he first described his technique for endoscopic discectomy in 1999, which is
currently a widely practiced method. A versatile SMART endoscopic spine system was put forth by Chiu
[40]
in 2006 with a wide variety of applications, viz. degenerative spine disease, spinal fixation, discectomy,
etc. In 2007, Oertel et al. described the “EASY GO” system for spinal endoscopy consisting of dilators
[41]
of varied sizes, sheaths, 30-degree endoscope, and endoscope holder. This system does not have a long
learning curve and has been shown to have excellent postoperative response as per feedback of over 80% of
patients.