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Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146 Page 25 of 30

reversible capacities.

Structural control: Structural control is important for addressing the volume-change issues associated with
Sb-based anodes because bulk Sb particles suffer from pulverization owing to large volumetric expansions/
contractions. Various multidimensional nanostructures (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) provide large surface areas
and improve mechanical stability, thereby effectively suppressing and accommodating large volume changes
in Sb anodes during cycling. Therefore, structural control of Sb improves cyclability and rate capabilities
compared to bulk Sb.

Composite/alloy formation: Sb-based composites and alloys show significant advantages over pristine Sb as
anodes for AIBs and ASSLIBs. Incorporating carbon sources into Sb-based composites effectively
suppresses the volume change that occurs during repeated cycling, thereby enhancing structural stability.
Additionally, the conductive nature of carbon facilitates electron/ion diffusion and contributes to superior
cycling stability and high rate capability. In contrast, pristine Sb has low electronic conductivity, leading to
rapid capacity degradation and sluggish rate capability. Furthermore, Sb-based alloy materials have been
reported to exhibit smaller volume changes during charging and discharging owing to unique reaction
mechanisms that involve insertion or conversion reactions.

The abovementioned strategies have led to significant advances in the electrochemical performance of Sb-
based anodes for use in LIBs, SIBs, PIBs, and ASSLIBs. The ongoing exploration of innovative strategies is
expected to improve the electrochemical performance of Sb-based anodes in terms of cycling stability, rate
capability, and reversible capacity. We trust that this review provides a comprehensive insight and guides
future research into Sb-based anodes for next-generation battery systems.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Writing original draft, content curation, investigation: Yoon JM, Kim DG
Content curation, investigation, writing of review: Kim DH, Lee YH
Conceptualization, validation, visualization, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, and
writing of review and editing: Park CM

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This research was supported by Kumoh National Institute of Technology (2022~2024).

Conflicts of interest
Park CM is an Editorial Board member of the journal Energy Materials, while the other authors have
declared that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.