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Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146 Page 23 of 30

Several studies have reported Sb-based anodes for ASSLIBs using oxide- and boride-based solid
electrolytes [124-129] . Afyon et al. fabricated an Sb composite anode by dropping a slurry of Sb,
Li Al La Zr O (LLZO), carbon black, and poly(vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) onto the surfaces of LLZO
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2
6.25
3
0.25
pellets (Sb/LLZO/C) [Figure 15A] . The Sb/LLZO/C composite anode exhibited a reversible capacity of
[124]
230 mAh g with 99.9% retention after 250 cycles at a rate of 240 mA g and an operating temperature of
-1
-1
95 °C. This study demonstrated the superior cycling stability and fast rate capability of Sb-based anodes in
oxide-type ASSLIBs. Sb-based anodes have predominantly been reported for ASSLIBs that use boride-based
solid electrolytes. Mo et al. demonstrated that the Sb/LiBH solid interfacial contact properties gradually
4
deteriorated owing to the excessive volume change experienced by Sb [Figure 15B] . Therefore, a
[125]
GaSb/LiBH /C composite anode was designed by introducing liquid Ga metal into the Sb anode to increase
4
interfacial compatibility between the electrode and the solid electrolyte, accommodate volume changes, and
promote electron and ion diffusion. The composite anode exhibited a reversible capacity of 400 mAh g
-1
with a capacity retention of 98.6% after 400 cycles at a current rate of 1 A g and an operating temperature
-1
of 125 °C. Furthermore, a full-cell employing a TiS cathode and a GaSb/LiBH /C composite anode
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2
-1
delivered a capacity of 226 mAh g (based on the mass of GaSb) after 1,000 cycles at a current rate of
0.5 A g . Long et al. reported the use of liquid Ga metal to induce capacitive behavior and improve the rate
-1
[126]
capabilities of ASSLIBs [Figure 15C] . Liquid Ga was electrochemically introduced from a GaSb anode,
and the combination of capacitive behavior and enhanced solid-phase contact was found to promote fast
kinetics. The GaSb/LiBH /C anode demonstrated remarkable cyclability (691 mAh g after 800 cycles at a
-1
4
current rate of 660 mA g ). Kumari et al. prepared an Sb/LiBH /acetylene black (AB) composite that
-1
4
delivered stable cyclability with a reversible capacity of 621 mAh g after 50 cycles at a current rate of 150
-1
mA g -1[127] . The buffering effect of LiBH and AB on the Sb anode contributed to cycling stability. Sharma et
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al. reported Sb-based chalcogenides, specifically Sb X (X = S, Se, or Te), as ASSLIB anodes that use LiBH as
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2 3
the solid electrolyte . The prepared Sb X /LiBH /AB was evaluated at an operating temperature of 120 °C.
[128]
2 3
4
While both Sb Se and Sb Te exhibited poor cyclability owing to excessive volume changes, Sb S showed a
3
2
2 3
2
3
capacity retention of 80% after 100 cycles. However, all Sb-based chalcogenide anodes exhibited poor ICEs
of approximately 50%. Sharma et al. also identified a compatible solid electrolyte by changing the solid
electrolyte mixed with the anode composite and controlling the operating temperature [Figure 15D] .
[129]
Electrochemical performance was evaluated using LiBH as the solid electrolyte at operating temperatures
4
ranging from 40 to 120 °C. The Sb S /80Li S-20P S (LPS)/AB composite exhibited a high capacity of
2 5
2
2 3
-1
1,373 mAh g and high cycling stability (~60% after 100 cycles) at an operating temperature of 120 °C,
which is superior to the performance achieved using LPS as the solid electrolyte. Sb-based anodes have been
successfully adopted and exhibit high electrochemical performance. To achieve better electrochemical
performance of Sb-based anodes for ASSLIBs, further studies focusing on the optimal structure of the Sb-
based anode and its compatibility with various solid electrolytes are required. Recent advances in Sb-based
anodes for ASSLIBs are summarized in Table 5.
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
Sb is a promising alternative high-performance anode material for use in LIBs, SIBs, PIBs, and ASSLIBs
owing to its high theoretical gravimetric and volumetric capacities. However, the significant volume
changes experienced by the Sb anode during cycling result in poor cyclability. To address the significant
volume-change issue, various strategies based on a complete understanding of the electrochemical reaction
mechanisms of Sb anodes have been explored. These strategies include SEI layer control, structural control,
and composite/alloy formation.
SEI layer control: Sb-based anodes form unstable SEI layers, which are repeatedly formed and destroyed due
to excessive volume changes during cycling. Controlling the composition and structure of the SEI layer is