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Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146 Page 13 of 30

Figure 9. (A) Schematic illustration of the SEI layer formation mechanism and the cyclabilities of Sb-based anodes in FEC-free and FEC-
[89]
containing electrolytes . (B) Schematic illustration, cyclabilities, and rate capabilities associated with morphological changes
[72]
experienced by micro-sized Sb anodes in FEC-free and 10 vol% FEC-containing electrolytes . (C) XPS results and cyclabilities of
[90] [72] [89] [90]
Sb-CMC anodes . This figure is reproduced with permission from Bian et al. , Lu et al. , and Bodenes et al. .
the Na-ion diffusion kinetics. Tian et al. synthesized two-dimensional few-layer antimonene (2D FLA)
nanosheets via liquid-phase exfoliation of β-antimony in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and
ethanol . The 2D FLA anode maintained a stable capacity of 620 mAh g after 150 cycles at 0.5 C
-1
[67]
(330 mA g ) along with a capacity retention of 99.7% from cycles 10 to 150 [Figure 10B]. Fast Na-ion
-1
diffusion in 2D FLA was attributed to the small diffusion barrier of 0.14 eV, and its ability to efficiently
accommodate anisotropic volume expansion along the a/b plane during cycling, thereby achieving high
structural stability. Liu et al. synthesized a yolk-shell Sb/graphdiyne (GDY) nanobox with an inner void
space as an anode material using a galvanic replacement reaction [Figure 10C] . The voids accommodate
[92]
Sb volume changes, and the GDY shell, with its intrinsic in-plane cavities, facilitates Na-ion diffusion. This
anode delivered a capacity of 593 mAh g at 100 mA g , with little loss of capacity observed after 200 cycles.
-1
-1
The Sb/GDY nanobox anode was subjected to full-cell testing with Na V (PO ) . The full cell delivered a
2
3
4 3
capacity retention of 75% and a capacity of 354 mAh g -1 anode after 500 cycles at 1 A g -1 anode . The stable cycling
performance of the spherical Sb/C anode is a result of its finely organized nanostructure that effectively
accommodates volume changes and inhibits Sb-nanoparticle agglomeration. Li et al. designed a 3D porous
carbon matrix containing Sb nanoparticles (Sb/3DPC) through polymer blowing and the use of a galvanic