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Page 8 of 30 Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146

[72]
Figure 6. (A) Schematic illustration and rate capabilities of microsized Sb using FEC additives . (B) Schematic illustration and
cyclabilities of bulk Sb using LiFSI-based electrolytes [73] . (C) Schematic illustration, rate capabilities, and cyclabilities of a pristine Sb
anode using LiNO additives [74] . This figure is reproduced with permission from Bian et al. [72] , Sun et al. [73] , and Cai et al. [74] .
3
Porous and multidimensional structural materials with high surface areas have been proposed as high-
performance Sb-based anodes for LIBs [75-77] . These structured Sb anodes effectively accommodate volume
changes during cycling. Liu et al. synthesized spherical Sb/C composites to address volume change during
the charge/discharge process [Figure 7A] . The mesoporous Sb/C structure provided more Li-active sites
[75]
and faster kinetics, which were attributed to the higher surface area that effectively accommodated volume
changes due to the buffer effect. Consequently, the spherical Sb/C composite anode exhibited an impressive
ICE of 86.7% and maintained a reversible capacity of 590 mAh g after 80 cycles at a current rate of
-1
-1
100 mA g . Schulze et al. prepared an Sb/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite film anode without any
conductive additive or binder to improve mechanical/electrical connectivity [Figure 7B] . SEM revealed
[76]
that the initial morphology of the prepared film consisted of a porous bead-on-string structure. The film
thickness increased by 500% during more than 100 cycles owing to volume expansion and continuous SEI
layer formation. However, the Sb/CNT composite film retained mechanical and electrical connections
-1
without delamination and exhibited a stable cycling performance of 340 mAh g after 100 cycles at a current
rate of 100 mA g without any binder or conductive additives. Luo et al. fabricated a durable LIB anode
-1
using Sb/N-C with a unique nanorod-in-nanotube structure [Figure 7C] with an internal void capable of
[77]
accommodating volume changes upon cycling. In addition, the combination of N-doped 1D conductive