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Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146 Page 9 of 30

Figure 7. (A) Schematic illustration and cyclabilities of spherical Sb/C composite anodes [75] . (B) Schematic illustration and cyclabilities
of Sb/CNT composite film anodes [76] . (C) Schematic illustration and rate capabilities of a nanorod-in-nanotube-structured Sb/N-C
anode [77] . This figure is reproduced with permission from Liu et al. [75] , Schulze et al. [76] , and Luo et al. [77] .

carbon coating improved electronic conductivity and facilitated Li-ion diffusion. Consequently, the
nanorod-in-nanotube Sb/N-C anode delivered an impressive rate capability of 343 mAh g after 45 cycles at
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a rapid current rate of 20 A g . The porous structure provided additional space to accommodate volume
changes during discharging and charging, whereas the robust multidimensional structure maintains both
mechanical and electrical connections to improve cycling stability.

To achieve high-performance Sb-based anodes for LIBs, various strategies involving Sb-based alloys and
carbon composites have been proposed for use as high-performance Sb-based anodes in LIBs [78-88] .
Zhang et al. developed an Sb/C nanosheet anode to improve cycling and rate performance [Figure 8A] .
[78]
Encapsulating Sb nanoparticles within carbon nanosheets effectively mitigated volume expansion and
particle agglomeration during cycling while simultaneously minimizing direct electrolyte exposure. The
Sb/C nanosheet anode demonstrated a highly reversible capacity of 598 mAh g after 100 cycles at a current
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rate of 200 mA g . Pan et al. synthesized NiSb/N-C nanosheets that delivered outstanding rates and long-
life cycling performance [Figure 8B] . The NiSb alloy nanoparticles inserted into a matrix of N-doped
[79]
carbon nanosheets provided structural stability by inhibiting direct contact between the alloy nanoparticles
and the electrolyte and preventing alloy nanoparticle agglomeration during cycling. The NiSb/N-C
nanosheets exhibited improved cycling and rate performance, delivering a stable capacity of 401 mAh g
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