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Page 14 of 30 Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146

Figure 10. (A) TEM images of Cu nanowires as sacrificial templates and the performance of Sb NTs synthesized by galvanic
replacement [91] . (B) Schematic illustration and atomic structure of 2D few-layer antimonene, and the cyclability of a 2D few-layer
antimonene anode [67] . (C) Schematic illustration, cyclabilities, and rate capabilities of a full cell with a yolk-shell Sb/graphdiyne
nanobox anode [92] . (D) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of a 3D porous Sb/C anode and its rate capabilities [93] . (E) Schematic
illustration and cyclability of a yolk-shell Sb/NS-3DPCMSs anode [94] . This figure is reproduced with permission from Tian et al. [67] ,
Liu et al. [91] , Liu et al. [92] , Li et al. [93] , and Chen et al. [94] .

[93]
replacement method ; this architecture provided an enlarged electrode/electrolyte interface owing to its
large pore volume and surface area, which shortened the Na-ion transfer path and inhibited volume
expansion. The Sb/3DPC anode showed superior cycling stability, namely, 461 mAh g over 200 cycles at
-1
100 mA g with a capacity retention of ~66% and an excellent rate capability of 346 mAh g at 5 A g
-1
-1
-1
[Figure 10D]. Chen et al. prepared yolk-shell-structured Sb@C using a continuous one-pot multistep
strategy, with the Sb nanoparticles confined to the N and S co-doped 3D porous carbon microspheres
(Sb/NS-3DPCMSs) . Remarkably, the Sb/NS-3DPCMS anode exhibited a specific capacity of 331 mAh g
[94]
-1
-1
after 10,000 cycles at 20 A g with almost 100% capacity retention [Figure 10E]. The robust yolk-shell
structure provided sufficient space to effectively relieve the volume expansion experienced by Sb and
stabilized the 3D architecture during long-term cycling. Furthermore, empty carbon boxes with rich
hierarchical pores and high conductivities exhibited excellent rate performance by promoting fast Na-ion/
electron transfer. Li et al. synthesized various multidimensional Sb nanostructures as SIB anode materials
using a chemical dealloying approach . The 0D Sb nanoparticles (Sb-NPs), 2D Sb nanosheets (Sb-NSs),
[95]
and 3D nanoporous (NP) Sb were synthesized by modifying the dealloying reaction kinetics using different