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Page 16 of 30 Yoon et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400063 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.146

Figure 11. (A) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process, cyclability, and rate capability of a mesoporous Sb O @Sb
2 3
[97]
nanocomposite anode . (B) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process and rate capability of an Sb@NGA-CMP composite
[98] [99]
anode . (C) Schematic illustration, XRD patterns, cyclability, and rate capability of an electrodeposited Sb/NiSb composite anode .
(D) Schematic illustration of the one-step dealloying process used to prepare the NP-SnSb alloy anode, along with its cyclability and
[100] [101]
rate capability . (E) Structure and cyclability of a ligament-channel np-Bi-Sb alloys anode . This figure is reproduced with
[97] [98] [99] [100] [101]
permission from Ma et al. , Xie et al. , Zheng et al. , Ma et al. , and Gao et al. .
with their unique reaction mechanisms (insertion or conversion reactions), also exhibit less volume
expansion during charging and discharging. Various approaches that are similar to those used for LIBs have
been reported for alleviating the significant volume changes experienced by Sb anodes in SIBs. Recent
research revealed that structural engineering and composite/alloy approaches are also effective for SIBs.
Additionally, an optimal combination of electrolyte composition and additives, including FEC, was
determined to facilitate the formation of a stable SEI layer. Recent advances in Sb-based anodes for SIBs are
summarized in Table 3.

Sb-based PIB anodes
Sb is accomplished prospective candidate as high-capacity PIB anodes owing to its high theoretical
gravimetric and volumetric capacities (660 mAh g and 4,420 mAh cm ) compared to those of graphite
-1
-3
-3
-1
(279 mAh g and 631 mAh cm ), Si (954 mAh g and 2,223 mAh cm ), and Sn (226 mAh g and
-1
-1
-3
1,652 mAh cm ), as summarized in Table 1. However, Sb experiences substantial volume changes of up to
-3
405.7% (K Sb) in a PIB, which is higher than those of graphite (63.1%, KC ), Si (216.7%, KSi), and Sn
3
8