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Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:25                                                 Vessel Plus
               DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2021.92



               Review                                                                        Open Access



               Echocardiography: an overview - Part II


               P. Syamasundar Rao

               Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Houston McGovern Medical School and Children’s Memorial Hermann
               Hospital, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA.
               Correspondence to: P. Syamasundar Rao, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Houston McGovern Medical
               School, 6410 Fannin Street, Suite #425, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail: P.Syamasundar.Rao@uth.tmc.edu
               How to cite this article: Rao PS. Echocardiography: an overview - Part II. Vessel Plus 2022;6:25.
               https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.92
               Received: 1 Jul 2021  First Decision: 15 Nov 2021  Revised: 24 Nov 2021  Accepted: 31 Dec 2021  Published: 29 Apr 2022

               Academic Editors: Alexander D. Verin, Zhong-Ping Chen  Copy Editor: Xi-Jun Chen  Production Editor: Xi-Jun Chen


               Abstract
               This review describes echocardiographic features of commonly encountered acyanotic congenital heart defects.
               Echo-Doppler features of lesions causing obstruction, namely aortic stenosis, aortic coarctation, stenosis of the
               pulmonary valve and pulmonary arteries were initially presented followed by discussion of lesions with left-to-right
               shunt namely, atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and
               atrioventricular septal defect. A special section dedicated to evaluating hemodynamically significant PDAs in
               premature infants was also included. Coronary artery anomalies (both congenital and acquired) were reviewed at
               the conclusion of the paper.

               Keywords: Echocardiography, aortic stenosis, aortic coarctation, pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect,
               ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, muco-cutaneous lymph node syndrome



               INTRODUCTION
               In Part I of this review, principles of echo-Doppler, the method of performance of echocardiographic and
               Doppler studies, approaches for quantification of pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, appraisal of systolic
               function of the ventricles, and illustration of the utility of echocardiography in evaluating multiple neonatal
               issues were described. In this Part II, the author will present a succinct review of echocardiographic findings
               of commonly encountered acyanotic congenital heart defects (CHDs). Obstructive lesions will be reviewed
               first followed by left-to-right shunt lesions and then coronary artery abnormalities. A brief description of
               the anatomy of each defect will be presented first followed by the echocardiographic findings. Cyanotic






                           © The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
                           International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
                           adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
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