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Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:24 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.91 Page 9 of 23

Table 3. Calculations/formulas used in the text
2
Modified Bernoulli equation Gradient = 4V
Where V is Doppler jet velocity
2
Estimation of the pulmonary artery systolic PAP = RVP = 4V + 5 mmHg
pressure in the presence of tricuspid insufficiency Where PAP is pulmonary artery systolic pressure, RVP is right ventricular systolic
pressure, and V is regurgitant tricuspid jet velocity. The right atrial pressure is assumed to
be 5 mmHg
2
Estimation of the pulmonary artery systolic PAP = RVP = LVP - 4V
pressure in the presence of a ventricular septal Where PAP is pulmonary artery systolic pressure, RVP is right ventricular systolic
pressure, LVP is left ventricular peak systolic pressure (systolic blood pressure) and V is
defect (VSD)
VSD jet velocity magnitude
2
Estimation of the pulmonary artery diastolic PA diastolic pressure = 4V + 5
pressure in the presence of pulmonary Where PA is pulmonary artery and V is pulmonary insufficiency jet velocity
insufficiency
Estimation of the pulmonary artery diastolic PA pressure = BP - 4V 2
pressure in the presence of patent ductus Where PA is pulmonary artery, BP is arm blood pressure, and V is PDA flow velocity
arteriosus
Left ventricular (LV) function by shortening SF = [(LVIDd - LVIDs)/LVIDd] × 100
fraction of the left ventricle Where SF is shortening fraction, LVIDd is left ventricular internal dimension in end-
diastole, and LVIDs is left ventricular internal dimension in end-systole
Left ventricular function by area shortening of the AS = (LVAd - LVAs)/LVAd
LV using Simpson’s rule Where AS is area shortening, LVAd is LV area in diastole, and LVAs is LV area in systole

[19]
Reproduced from Ref. .

Figure 10. Echo frames from subcostal long-axis (A) and short-axis (B) views illustrating the anatomy of the atrial septum (AS) (arrow)
in (A). Reproduced from Ref [19] . IVC: Inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; SVC: superior vena cava.

Tricuspid insufficiency jet
In patients in whom a tricuspid insufficiency jet [Figure 14] can be recorded, tricuspid insufficiency jet peak
Doppler velocity (V) is used in the estimation of systolic pressure in the PA:

PAP = RVP = 4V + 5 mmHg
2

PAP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RVP, right ventricular systolic pressure; and V, tricuspid
insufficiency jet velocity. 5 mmHg is presumed right atrial pressure.