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Page 14 of 41 Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:25 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.92

Figure 20. Echo-Doppler studies in apical four-chamber (A) and precordial short-axis (B, C) projections of a child with an atrial septal
defect (ASD) demonstrating dilation of the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and main (MPA), left (LPA), and right (RPA)
pulmonary arteries. The left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) are labeled.

Figure 21. (A) M-mode echocardiogram of a child who was diagnosed to have an atrial septal defect (ASD). It shows dilatation of the
right ventricle (RV) and paradoxical movement of the ventricular septum in the 2D-derived M-mode recording in parasternal short-axis
view (see lower insert). The findings are very typical indirect signs of an ASD. (A-C) Stand for measurements of the RV in end-diastole,
left ventricle (LV) in end-diastole, and LV in end-systole, in that order. The dimensions are listed in the top left insert. (B) Two-
dimensional echocardiographic study of the same child shown in (A) evidently shows the ASD (arrow). The left atrium (LA) and right
atrium (RA) are labeled. Reproduced from Ref. [24] .

Figure 22. Selected video frames from an echocardiographic study in a subcostal view of a child illustrating an atrial septal defect (ASD)
(arrow in A) with good septal rims. (B) Illustrates left-to-right shunt across the ASD. The left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA) are
[3]
marked. Reproduced from Ref. .

along with a decrease in the RA volume and pressure secondary to the expulsion of the placenta, results in
an approximation of the septum primum against the septum secundum; these events cause functional