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Page 10 of 15 Ding et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 2

Figure 5. Electromagnetic absorption performance of ZnCo 2 O 4 , Zn 1-x Co 2 Ni x O 4 , ZnCo 2-y Fe y O 4 and Zn 1-x Co 2-y Ni x Fe y O 4 . (A) Simulated
electromagnetic power loss density; (B and C) Real (ε′) and imaginary (ε″) parts of the relative permittivity; (D and E) Real (μ′) and
imaginary (μ″) parts of the relative permeability; (F and G) Dielectric and magnetic loss tangents; (H and I) Radar cross-section (RCS)
values; (J) Comparison of reflection loss (RL) and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of Zn 1-x Co 2-y Ni x Fe y O 4 with previously reported
absorbers [54-62] . EM: Electromagnetic.

inefficient wave coupling. The incorporation of bimetallic ions induces a significant number of lattice defects
in ZnCo O , while simultaneously promoting the precipitation of zinc oxide particles. This results in the
2
4
formation of abundant heterogeneous interfaces on the material surface, thereby enhancing EM wave
absorption . Furthermore, the material’s unique hollow structure improves impedance matching and
[52]
facilitates the penetration of EM waves, contributing to their efficient attenuation.