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Villeda-Hernandez et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:14 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.52 Page 11 of 35
Energetic considerations
As described by Adami et al. for GERs and GCRs, the energy storage can be described in terms of fuel, even
if not a conventional combustible fuel . To accurately describe a pressure generation method, it is essential
[78]
to consider the quantity of gas that can be generated.
The net flow factor, denoted as f , is obtained based on the fuel’s initial volume V prior to expansion and
n,v
fuel
the resulting volume of gas V after the expansion, as determined by:
gas
The gross flow factor f is obtained by considering the total volume of the system V (instead of the volume
sys
g,v
of the fuel):
To consider the varying densities of the reactants (fuel) and the fuel system, the flow capacity is also
included. The net flow capacity f is calculated (similar to the determination of the net flow factor),
n,m
employing the mass of the fuel m . The gross flow capacity f is calculated accordingly from the mass of
g,m
fuel
the system m :
sys
The energy density of the reactants ω can then be defined as the energy E per volume of fuel, and the
n,V
energy stored per fuel mass or net specific energy ω can be defined similarly.
n,m
According to Adami et al., the pressure-volume work W of an isothermal process with the ideal gas
1,2,
considerations is calculated by :
[78]
As the energy leaves the GER or GCR system, the pressure-work value is considered negative. For GCRs,
the pressure-volume work performed at an initial gas volume V is considered to be the effective energy of
1
reactants or fuel. The effective energy density is then calculated by:
