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Page 26 of 34 Bai et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:40 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.38

From the perspective of sensor improvement, the accuracy of the data acquired by sensors should be further
improved, for example, by using implantable sensors for key areas to further reduce the distance to the
measurement object and considering the sensor wrapped around blood vessels for direct measurement to
minimize the loss of information through the skin and muscles to obtain more accurate physical details. At
the same time, the comprehensiveness of sensor measurement information is also worth improving. For
example, by manufacturing spatially anisotropic material, pressure sensors can accurately calculate the
magnitude and direction of pressure. Moreover, the source of sensor information should be further
enriched, for example, by exploiting the properties of nanoscale Ga O electrolytic iridescence on LM
2
3
surfaces , thus responding to and sensing a certain stimulus. In addition, for practical application and
[95]
portable convenience, making the sensors extremely miniaturized and flexible is a hotspot. For instance,
using magnetic/electric field modulation of the LM can make the extremely small sensors swim in the blood
vessels rather than be fixed in a specific position. Finally, regarding the complexity and integration of sensor
functions, the current nano-LM sensors are limited to the nature of the LM itself or a single sensor to
function independently, so whether it is the use of LMs and their organic/inorganic composite materials of
complex functions of the combination or the preparation of multi-functional or joint use of sensors is the
direction that requires in-depth consideration by researchers.

From the perspective of sensor innovation, on the one hand, although most of the properties of LMNPs are
well used in the field of sensors, some of them are poorly understood and not yet explored in depth for
applications, such as GaOOH shell-LM core NPs subjected to photoinduced deformation have potential as
optical sensors , and LMNPs with surface plasmon resonance features are also expected to create surface
[160]
plasmon resonant biosensors , LMNPs based on size effects and phase transition capabilities have unique
[1]
advantages for preparing sensors across the solid-liquid temperature band , UV plasma properties of LM
[212]
NPs also deserve to be studied in depth in the field of imaging . On the other hand, accurate and in-depth
[213]
data processing reflects digital and intelligent innovation, which is an inevitable trend in sensor
development, so it is necessary to analyze the output of some sensing signals to obtain functional links, such
as the correspondence between chemotherapy drug concentration and photothermal treatment
[214]
[120]
temperature , the correspondence between current and motion state of friction nanogenerators , the
correspondence between phase transition process of LMNPs and solvent temperature, and so on. The
exploration of these functional relationships will greatly enhance the data analysis capability and application
value of LM nanotransformer-based biosensors and play a very important role in the further development
of nano-LM sensors.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Proposed original conceptualization: Rao W
Investigated the related work: Bai Y, Zhang J
Prepared the figures and wrote the article: Bai Y, Zhang J, Lu C
Revised and corrected article: Bai Y, Zhang J, Lu C
Supervised the manuscript: Lu C, Rao W

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51890893).