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Page 20 of 25 Nagwade et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:24 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.12

Soft biopotential or neural implants have also been researched for many years. For such invasive technology
to penetrate the wearable device market will require extraordinary endeavors towards the biocompatibility,
biodegradability, and user-acceptance aspects. Discovering methods to implant soft electrodes and
interfaces directly inside a user using minimum-to-no surgical techniques can lead to much more intricate,
precise, and useful HCI applications.

Lastly, it is definite that the inclusion of soft biopotential electrode interfaces while developing HCI
technologies can provide more options for wearable device applications that are sustainable, credible, and
effective. To eliminate the need for Ag/AgCl electrodes completely, more efforts will focus on standardizing
the characteristic parameters of soft biopotential interfaces and scaling their manufacturability to the
industry level. The fast-paced and promising growth towards these soft biopotential interfaces does assure
one thing - “getting used to” the rigid and bulky wearable devices is a phenomenon that our future
generations will never have to experience.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Initiated the idea: Nagwade P, Parandeh S, Lee S
Did the literature review: Nagwade P, Parandeh S
Outlined the manuscript structure: Nagwade P, Parandeh S, Lee S
Wrote the manuscript draft: Nagwade P, Parandeh S
Designed and formatted the figures: Nagwade P
Reviewed and revised the manuscript: Nagwade P, Lee S
Supervision: Lee S

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This research was supported by a Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korean
government (the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of
Health & Welfare, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) (Project Number: 1711135031,
KMDF_PR_20200901_0158-05), and it was also supported by the DGIST R&D Program of the Ministry of
Science and ICT (22-SENS2-2).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.