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Tian et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:30 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.21 Page 19 of 27

Figure 10. A brief summary of contact and non-contact printing methods. (A) Gravure printing. Reproduced with permission [84] .
Copyright 2016, IOP publishing. (B) Gravure-offset printing. (C) Flexography printing. Reproduced with permission [85] . Copyright 2020,
Elsevier B.V. (D) Screen printing. Reproduced with permission [86] . Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (E) Slot-die coating.
Reproduced with permission [87] . Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. (F) Piezoelectric (left) and thermal (right) inkjet printing. (G) Aerosol jet
printing. Reproduced with permission [29] . Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (H) Electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Reproduced with
permission [88] . Copyright 2008, AIP publishing.

patterns. The major problem of screen printing is low printing speed that restricts applications in mass
production [82,86] . It is worth mentioning that slot die coating is a direct way of roll-to-roll printing, where ink
solution is coated on the substrate through a uniform flow of solution and adjustment of distance and speed
between the slot die and moving substrate [83,87] . Another popular non-contact printing is inkjet printing,
which can be divided into continuous printing and on-demand printing, as shown in Figure 11. When
continuous inkjet printing, the nozzles continuously inject ink into the substrate, after which only the