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evidence suggests that it may be an etiological agent aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
in human esophageal cancer. [12,13] Several studies in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides, and cholesterol
rodents have shown that FB promotes pre-neoplastic were obtained from Quimica Clinica Aplicada (SA, Spain).
1
lesions in the liver, suggesting a role for FB -induced Interleukin-1α (IL-1α), procollagen III, and tumor necrosis
1
genotoxicity. Recently, Chuturgoon et al. reported factor-alpha (TNF-α) kits were purchased from Orgenium
[15]
[14]
that FB induces global DNA hypomethylation and (Helsinki, Finland). Kits for measuring nitric oxide (NO),
1
histone demethylation in human hepatoma cells that malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC),
causes chromatin instability and may lead to liver carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and superoxide dismutase
tumourigenesis. FB is resistant to conditions normally (SOD) were obtained from Biodiagnostic (Giza, Egypt).
1
used in food processing and, therefore, poses a
significant hazard to human and animal health. The Preparation of jojoba seed extract
[16]
cytotoxic mechanism of FB is attributed to its disruption Jojoba (S. chinensis) seeds were obtained from the Crops
1
of sphingolipid metabolism; the underlying mechanisms Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo,
of its cancer initiating/promoting properties are unknown. Egypt. The seeds (200 g) were ground to a powder
This disturbance of sphingolipid metabolism plays a and immersed in 95% ethanol overnight. The extract
role in membrane and lipoprotein structure and in cell was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure of
regulation as secondary messengers for growth factors, nitrogen to obtain a semisolid residue.
differentiation factors, and cytokines. [8]
Determination of chemical composition in jojoba seed
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L) is a perennial woody extract
shrub native to semi-arid regions all over the world. Crude protein (N X 6.25) was determined according to
[17]
[27]
Currently, it is cultivated in the Ismailia Desert in AOAC and phytic acid content in jojoba seed extract
[18]
Egypt. The jojoba plant produces seeds that contain was determined according to the method described
[28]
up to 50% liquid wax used as a lubricant additive by Mohamed et al. Total phenolics were determined
and in cosmetics. It has been reported that jojoba according to the modified method described by Chandler
[19]
[29]
seeds possess anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, and Dodds and simmondsin content was determined
[20]
jojoba liquid wax was used in folk remedies for renal according to Abbott et al. [30]
colic, sunburn, chaffed skin, hair loss, headache,
[21]
wounds, and sore throat. Jojoba meal is the protein FB production
1
residue remaining after oil extraction, and it has FB was produced through the fermentation of corn
1
potential as dietary supplements for animal feeds, by Fusarium moniliforme (obtained from Plant Pathology
as well as for the treatment of overweight animals Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo,
[31]
and humans. This protein meal consists mainly Egypt) as described by Voss et al. The fermented
[22]
of 79% albumins and 21% globulins. Previous corn was autoclaved; ground to a powder and the FB
[23]
1
reports indicated that jojoba meal contained anti- content was measured by high-performance liquid
[32]
nutritional compounds known as simmondsins chromatography (HPLC) according to Shaphard et al.
(5-demethylsimmondsin, 4,5-didemethylsimmondsin, The corn powder was incorporated into the basal diet
simmondsin, and simmondsin 2’-ferulate), which to provide the desired level of 80 mg FB /kg diet. The
[24]
1
have been identified as the component in jojoba that diet containing FB was analyzed, and the presence of
1
is most responsible for the inhibition of food intake FB was confirmed by HPLC.
1
and for appetite suppression in rodents, rats, dogs,
and chickens. However, the meal also contains Experimental animals
[25]
several beneficial compounds, such as phytic acid and Three months old male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-120 g)
polyphenols, which shows antioxidant and anti-cancer were purchased from the Animal House Colony, Giza,
activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Egypt and were maintained on standard laboratory
[26]
effect of ethanol extract of jojoba seed in rats fed FB - diet (protein: 160.4; fat: 36.3; fiber: 41 g/kg and
1
contaminated diet. metabolizable energy: 12.08 MJ) in artificial illuminated
and temperature controlled room free from any other
METHODS sources of chemical contamination at the Animal House
Lab., National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. All
Chemicals and kits animals received humane care in compliance with the
FB standard was purchased from Sigma Chemical guidelines of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the
1
Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Kits for analysis of aspartate National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
Hepatoma Research | Volume 2 | March 9, 2016 79