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showed a significant increase accompanied by a The effect of different treatments on MDA level,
significant decrease in cholesterol level, especially in the glutathione (GSH), and TAC in liver tissue [Table 3]
high dose group. Animals fed FB -contaminated diet and revealed that animal fed FB -contaminated diet showed a
1
1
treated with jojoba seed extract showed a significant significant increase in MDA accompanied by a significant
improvement in all biochemical parameters; although decrease in GSH and TAC. Treatment with JELD or JEHD
all levels tested were still higher than in the control did not affect MDA significantly; however, it resulted in a
group. The observed improvement in all biochemical significant increase in GSH and TAC levels. The combined
parameters was more pronounced in the group fed FB treatment of FB with jojoba seed extract resulted in a
1
1
significant improvement in the activity of antioxidant
and treated with JELD.
enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver
tissues although they were still significantly different
The data presented in Table 2 showed that treatment
with FB resulted in a significant increase in serum CEA, from the control. Of note, treatment with JEHD showed
the best results at improving antioxidant enzymes
1
TNF-α, IL-1α, and NO. Animals treated with JELD or activity and at decreasing lipid peroxidation.
JEHD alone were comparable to the control group in
terms of the levels of CEA, TNF-α, and NO, however, the Histological changes induced by treatment with FB
level of IL-1α showed a significant increase. Treatment and jojoba seed extract 1
with FB plus JELD or JEHD resulted in a significant The above biochemical findings were further confirmed
1
improvement in all the tested parameters toward the by histological examinations in the liver tissues. The
control values; in the JEHD group, CEA and TNF-α levels microscopic examination of the liver section of the
were normalized [Table 2]. control rats showed the normal histological structure of
liver lobule and hepatocytes which form cords radiating
from the central vein [Figure 3a]. The liver sections
of rats fed FB -contaminated diet showed vacuolar
1
degeneration, hepatocellular necrosis, and congestion
of blood sinusoids which were surrounded by an
aggregation of inflammatory cells, proliferation and
dilation of bile duct, as well as signs of fibrosis [Figure
3b]. The liver sections of rats treated with JELD showed
normal hepatocytes architecture, and dilation of sinusoid
[Figure 3c]; however, liver sections of rats treated with
JEHD did not show any pathological changes [Figure 3d].

The liver of rat fed FB -contaminated diet and treated with
1
JELD showed marked improvement in the histological
features of the hepatic tissue although minimal vacuolar
degeneration was still present [Figure 3e]. However,
the liver sections of rats fed FB -contaminated diet
1
and treated with JEHD showed histological features
resembling normal hepatocytes [Figure 3f].

DISCUSSION

Figure 2: Effect of jojoba extract on (a) food intake and (b) body weight in rat Previous reports indicated that jojoba meal contained
fed FB 1 -contaminated diet. FB 1 : fumonisin B 1 ; JELD: low dose of jojoba seed
extract; JEHD: high dose of jojoba seed extract 25-30% crude protein, was high in dietary fiber, and could
Table 1: Effect of jojoba extract on biochemical parameters in rats fed FB 1 -contaminated diet
Groups parameter Control FB 1 JELD JEHD JELD + FB 1 JEHD + FB 1
ALT (IU/L) 25.43 ± 2.73 a 76.21 ± 5.18 b 26.72 ± 1.33 a 27.44 ± 2.28 a 34.93 ± 2.28 c 38.21 ± 2.93 c
AST (IU/L) 85.16 ± 3.27 a 112.73 ± 4.22 b 88.25 ± 2.53 a 88.76 ± 4.73 a 96.23 ± 4.92 c 102.32 ± 2.83 c
ALP (IU/L) 82.25 ± 4.28 a 123.32 ± 6.43 b 92.28 ± 4.34 c 97.28 ± 6.22 c 95.28 ± 7.22 c 115.24 ± 2.93 d
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 122.21 ± 3.74 a 243.24 ± 6.43 b 122.34 ± 3.37 a 125.74 ± 2.56 a 142.32 ± 4.89 c 142.73 ± 3.82 c
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 87.23 ± 3.26 a 287.82 ± 7.78 b 79.83 ± 5.38 c 72.34 ± 5.64 c 111.96 ± 3.88 d 117.26 ± 3.95 d
Within each row means superscript with different letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. FB 1 : fumonisin B 1 ; JELD: low dose of jojoba seed extract; JEHD: high
dose of jojoba seed extract; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase

Hepatoma Research | Volume 2 | March 9, 2016 81