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serve as a feed supplement. It represents one of the 2-ferulate. These compounds were considered toxic
[19]
[37]
[38]
non-traditional plant protein sources. However, several probably after metabolism by gut microorganisms.
trials have demonstrated growth retardation in animals However, elimination of jojoba seed meal anti-nutritional
consuming diets supplemented with jojoba meal factors could be done by different methods, including
[36]
due to the presence of simmondsin and simmondsin- solvent extraction, heat, chemical treatment, and
microbial fermentation. [39]
In this study, we evaluated the ability of ethanol extract
of jojoba seeds to protect the liver of laboratory animals
from the toxic effects of FB . The tested animals were
1
given an extreme FB challenge to ensure induction of
1
severe response. The selected doses of FB and jojoba
1
seed extract were based on our previous work and
others, [8,40] respectively. The current results indicated
that the ethanol extract of jojoba seeds is rich in total
phenolics, crude protein, phytic acid, and simmondsin.
These results were in accordance with those reported
previously. [19,41-43] Moreover, Shrestha et al. reported
[23]
that jojoba protein consisted mainly of albumins and
globulins. The decrease in body weight gain and food
intake reported in this study in the group fed FB -
1
contaminated diet indicated the presence of adverse
effects and toxicity in rats caused by ingestion of FB .
1
This decrease may indicate protein catabolism, thereby
contributing to the observed kidney injury. [8,9,44,45] Similar
decrease in body weight gain and food intake had been
[47]
[45]
[46]
Figure 3: A photomicrograph of liver section of (a) control rat showing normal reported in rats, [9,44] swine, horses, broiler, and
structure of hepatic lobule, central vein, and blood sinusoid(s); (b) rat fed FB 1 - Turkey poults [48,49] fed fumonisin. Previously, Abdel-
contaminated diet showing vacuolar degeneration, hepatocellular necrosis,
[9]
[8]
and congestion of blood sinusoids which are surrounded by aggregation Wahhab et al. and El-Nekeety et al. stated that
of inflammatory cells, proliferation and dilation of bile duct, and signs of administration of FB to rats enhanced lipid peroxidation
fibrosis; (c) rat treated with JELD showing normal hepatocytes architecture 1
and dilation of sinusoid; (d) rat treated with JEHD showing no pathological which presumably resulted from free-radical-mediated
[50]
changes; (e) rat fed FB 1 -contaminated diet and treated with JELD showing toxicity. Stockmann-Juvala et al. found that FB evoked
marked improvement in histological features of hepatocyte tissue with minimal 1
vacuolar degeneration still present; and (f) rat fed FB 1 -contaminated diet and oxidative stress, which may contribute at least in part to
treated with JEHD showing histological features resembling that of normal FB -induced toxicity and carcinogenicity.
hepatocytes (a, e, f: HE, ×200; b, c, d: HE, ×400). FB 1 : fumonisin B 1 ; JELD: 1
low dose of jojoba seed extract; JEHD: high dose of jojoba seed extract
The elevation of ALT, AST, ALP, triglycerides, and
Table 2: Effect of jojoba extract on serum cytokines and NO cholesterol in the group fed FB -contaminated diet
1
in rats fed FB 1 -contaminated diet indicated necrosis or hepatocellular injury. The results of
[9]
Groups CEA TNF-α IL-1α NO this study also revealed that treatment with FB resulted
parameter (ng/mL) (ng/L) (ng/mL) (µmol/L) 1
Control 1.99 ± 0.42 a b 43.2 ± 3.53 a b 0.68 ± 0.02 b a 23.72 ± 2.11 a b in a significant increase in serum CEA, TNF-α, IL-1α, and
FB 1 8.66 ± 1.43 a 87.32 ± 3.21 a 5.12 ± 0.87 c 57.28 ± 3.21 c NO suggesting that FB can induce hepatotoxicity in rats.
JELD 1.92 ± 0.72 43.32 ± 1.98 0.81 ± 0.04 26.72 ± 1.73 1
JEHD 1.98 ± 0.62 a 45.37 ± 3.25 a 0.81 ± 0.06 c 29.83 ± 1.83 d Similar results suggested earlier indicated that TNF-α,
FB 1 + JELD 3.53 ± 0.43 c 62.11 ± 3.47 c 1.55 ± 0.12 d 28.94 ± 1.29 d
FB 1 + JEHD 2.14 ± 0.22 a 42.18 ± 2.33 a 1.22 ± 0.07 d 32.93 ± 2.94 e IL-1α, and NO were produced by macrophages, and they
[51]
Within each row means superscript with different letters are significantly different played a vital role in tumor conditions. Moreover,
at P ≤ 0.05. FB 1 : fumonisin B 1 ; JELD: low dose of jojoba seed extract; JEHD: TNF-α is an essential factor in tumor promotion and
[52]
high dose of jojoba seed extract; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; TNF-α: tumor
necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1α: interleukin 1 alpha; NO: nitric oxide is a key factor that regulates the production of other
Table 3: Effect of jojoba extract on antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in liver of rats fed FB 1 -contaminated diet
Groups parameter Control FB 1 JELD JEHD JELD + FB 1 JEHD + FB 1
MDA (mol/mg protein) 66.85 ± 2.37 a 115.36 ± 3.44 b 67.26 ± 2.73 a 68.23 ± 3.16 a 87.74 ± 3.19 c 85.91 ± 3.02 c
SOD (u/mg protein) 331.43 ± 8.65 a 166.74 ± 7.34 b 352.33 ± 3.46 c 348.93 ± 5.88 c 258.33 ± 6.72 d 277.76 ± 4.27 e
TAC (mol/g protein) 82.25 ± 4.28 a 123.32 ± 6.43 b 92.28 ± 4.34 c 97.28 ± 6.22 c 95.28 ± 7.22 c 104.33 ± 2.75 d
Within each row means superscript with different letters are significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. FB 1 : fumonisin B 1 ; JELD: low dose of jojoba seed extract; JEHD:
high dose of jojoba seed extract; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: super oxide dismutase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity
82 Hepatoma Research | Volume 2 | March 9, 2016