Page 63 - Read Online
P. 63
lipoprotein pattern which may be attributed to the Styrene. WHO IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic
[78]
higher omega-3 fatty acid content. Moreover, Vermauti 7. Risks to Humans. Lyon, France: IARC; 2002. p. 301-66.
Gelderblom WC, Lebepe-Mazur S, Snijman PW, Abel S, Swanevelder
[79]
et al. reported that jojoba was rich in saponin which S, Kriek NP, Marasas WF. Toxicological effects in rats chronically fed
was well known to stimulate the cell-mediated immune low dietary levels of fumonisin B . Toxicology 2001;161:39-51.
1
system, as well as to enhance antibody production. 8. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan AM, Amer HA, Naguib KM. Prevention
[80]
of fumonisin-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats by
It was reported to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in certain plant extracts. J Appl Toxicol 2004;24:469-74.
vitro, [81,82] to exert an anti-cancer effect at the intestinal 9. El-Nekeety AA, El-Kholy W, Abbas NF, Ebaid A, Amra HA, Abdel-
level, to reduce the formation of carcinogenic substances Wahhab MA. Efficacy of royal jelly against the oxidative stress of
fumonisin in rats. Toxicon 2007;50:256-69.
[83]
in the colon, and to have antioxidant properties. The 10. Howard PC, Eppley RM, Stack ME, Warbritton A, Voss KA, Lorentzen
higher total phenolic content in the extract reported RJ, Kovach RM, Bucci TJ. Fumonisin B carcinogenicity in a two-
1
in this study suggested another mechanism for its year feeding study using F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health
Perspect 2001;109:277-82.
antioxidant activity. In this respect, Zheng and Wang 11. Voss KA, Howard PC, Riley RT, Sharma RP, Bucci TJ, Lorentzen
[85]
[84]
reported that active polyphenol components such RJ. Carcinogenicity and mechanism of action of fumonisin B : a
1
as flavonoids and phenolic acids possess antioxidant mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme (= F. verticillioides).
activities. Consequently, the protective effects of jojoba Cancer Detect Prev 2002;26:1-9.
seed extract against FB -induced biochemical and 12. Alizadeh AM, Rohandel G, Roudbarmohammadi S, Roudbary M,
Sohanaki H, Ghiasian SA, Taherkhani A, Semnani S, Aghasi M.
1
histological changes in the liver reported herein may be Fumonisin B contamination of cereals and risk of esophageal cancer
1
due to the direct mechanism as free radical scavenger, in a high risk area in northeastern Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2012;13:2625-8.
and the indirect mechanism by which the extract may 13. Sun G, Wang S, Hu X, Su J, Huang T, Yu J, Tang L, Gao W, Wang
induce its protective effect through the enhancement of JS. Fumonisin B contamination of home-grown corn in high-risk
1
the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. [86] areas for esophageal and liver cancer in China. Food Addit Contam
2007;24:181-5.
14. Karuna R, Rao BS. Lack of micronuclei induction by fumonisin B
It could be concluded that the ethanolic extract of jojoba mycotoxin in BALB/c mice. Mycotoxin Res 2013;29:9-15. 1
seeds is rich in protein, phenolic compounds, and phytic 15. Chuturgoon A, Phulukdaree A, Moodley D. Fumonisin B induces
1
acid. The extract has antioxidant effects and can protect global DNA hypomethylation in HepG2 cells: an alternative mechanism
of action. Toxicology 2014;315:65-9.
against FB -induced hepatotoxicity. This action may be 16. Scott PM. Recent research on fumonisins: a review. Food Addit
1
due to its content of several antioxidant compounds that Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012;29:242-8.
have the ability to scavenge free radicals generated by FB 17. Ranzatoa E, Martinotti S, Burlando B. Wound healing properties of
1
jojoba liquid wax: an in vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;134:443-9.
and consequently prevent lipid peroxidation, and/or the 18. El-Mallah MH, El-Shami SM. Investigation of liquid wax components
enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities in the cell. of Egyptian jojoba seeds. J Oleo Sci 2009;58:543-8.
19. Wisniak J. Potential uses of jojoba oil and meal: a review. Ind Crops
Financial support and sponsorship Prod 1994;3:43-68.
This work was supported by the National Research 20. Habashy RR, Abdel-Naim AB, Khalifa AE, Al-Azizi MM. Anti-
inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models.
Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt (Project No. 10070112). Pharmacol Res 2005;51:95-105.
21. Yaron A. Metabolism and physiological effects of jojoba oil. In: Wisniak
Conflicts of interest J, editor. The Chemistry and Technology of Jojoba Oil. Champaign, IL:
There are no conflicts of interest. American Oil Chemists’ Society Press; 1987. p. 251-65.
22. Benzioni A, Mills D, Van Boven M, Cokel M. Effect of genotype and
environment on the concentration of simmondsin and its derivatives in
REFERENCES jojoba seeds and foliage. Ind Crops Prod 2005;21:241-9.
23. Shrestha MK, Peri I, Smirnoff P, Birk Y, Golan-Goldhirsh A. Jojoba
1. Domijan AM, Zeljezić D, Milić M, Peraica M. Fumonisin B : oxidative seed meal proteins associated with proteolytic and protease inhibitor
1
status and DNA damage in rats. Toxicology 2007;232:163-9. activities. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:5670-5.
2. Gelderblom WC, Marasas WF. Controversies in fumonisin mycotoxicology 24. Vermauti S, De Coninck K, Onagbesan O. A Jojoba-richdiet as a new
and risk assessment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012;31:215-35. forced molting method in poultry. J Appl Poult Res 1998;7:239-46.
3. Binder EM, Tan LM, Chin LJ, Handl J, Richard J. Worldwide 25. Lievens S, Flo G, Decuypere E, Van Bovenc M, Cokelaere M.
occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients. Simmondsin: effects on meal patterns and choice behavior in rats.
Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007;137:265-82. Physiol Behav 2003;78:669-77.
4. Bulder AS, Arcella D, Bolger M, Carrington C, Kpodo K, Resnik 26. Wiseman MO, Price RL. Characterization of protein concentrates of
S, Riley RT, Wolterink G, Wu F. Fumonisins. In: Safety Evaluation jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) meal. Cereal Chem 1987;64:91-3.
of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. WHO Food Additives 27. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Gaithersburg, MD,
Series 65, Prepared by the 74th Meeting of The Joint FAO/WHO USA: Association of Officinal Analytical Chemists; 2000.
Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Geneva, Switzerland: 28. Mohamed AI, Perera PA, Hafez YS. New chromophore for phytic acid
WHO; 2012. p. 325-527. determination. Cereal Chem 1986;63:475-6.
5. Huffman J, Gerber R, Du L. Recent advancement in the biosynthetic 29. Chandler SF, Dodds JH. The effect of phosphate, nitrogen and sucrose
mechanisms for polyketide-derived mycotoxins. Biopolymers on the production of phenolics and solasidine in callus cultures of
2010;93:764-76. Soanum laciniatum. Plant Cell Rep 1983;2:205-8.
6. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Fumonisin B . In: Some 30. Abbott TP, Nakamura LK, Nelson TL, Gasdorf HJ, Bennett GA,
1
Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Kleiman R. Microorganisms for degrading simmondsin and related
84 Hepatoma Research | Volume 2 | March 9, 2016