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Kobayashi et al. Hepatoma Res 2020;6:36 Hepatoma Research
DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2020.24

Review Open Access

Intraarterial and intravenous contrast enhanced CT
and MR imaging of multi-step hepatocarcinogenesis
defining the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma
development

Satoshi Kobayashi , Kazuto Kozaka , Toshifumi Gabata , Osamu Matsui , Tetsuya Minami 3
1,2
2
2
2
1 Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-
0942, Japan.
2 Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
3 Department of Radiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan.
Correspondence to: Dr. Satoshi Kobayashi, Department of Radiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences,
13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan. E-mail: satoshik@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
How to cite this article: Kobayashi S, Kozaka K, Gabata T, Matsui O, Minami T. Intraarterial and intravenous contrast enhanced
CT and MR imaging of multi-step hepatocarcinogenesis defining the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma development.
Hepatoma Res 2020;6:36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2394-5079.2020.24
Received: 11 Mar 2020 First Decision: 7 Apr 2020 Revised: 22 Apr 2020 Accepted: 26 Apr 2020 Published: 18 Jun 2020

Science Editor: Yuko Kono Copy Editor: Jing-Wen Zhang Production Editor: Tian Zhang

Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men worldwide, and the 6th and 7th cause of cancer
deaths in men and women in developed countries. 70%-90% of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatitis B or C viruses and chronic inflammation due to alcohol intake are the main risk factors for hepatocellular
carcinoma. One of the key approaches for the early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma is to understand the
specific imaging findings of liver nodules in the multi-step hepatocrcinogenesis process. In this article, we review
the imaging findings of multistep hepatocarcinogenesis, with a focus on the early detection of malignant, cirrhotic
nodules with CT and MRI.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, multistep hepatocarcinogenesis, early hepatocellular carcinoma, dysplastic
nodule, CT, MRI

INTRODUCTION
Liver cancer is the second and 6th leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women worldwide, and the 6th
and 7th cause of cancer deaths in men and women in developed countries. In 2012, the annual incidence and
[1]
mortality rates were approximately 780,000 and 750,000 respectively .

© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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