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Page 18 of 37 Shipitsyn et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300038 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.22

Table 9. Fullerene-containing additives
Chemical name of the additive Nitrofullerene [C (NO ) ] Trifluormethylfullerene [C (CF ) ]
60
2 6
3 6
60
Chemical structure of additive

Figure 8. The effect of C (NO ) additives on sodium metal anodes. (A) cycling performance of and (B) Nyquist plots for the Na/Na
2 6
60
symmetric cells; (C) XPS spectra of cycled Na; (D) cycling performance of Na V (PO ) /Na cells. Reproduced from ref [87] , Copyright
2
3
4 3
2021 Elsevier. EC: Ethylene carbonate; PC: propylene carbonate; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
1,200 h in Na/Na symmetric cells. According to XPS spectra, the SEI layer has a higher NaF and C content
60
in the electrolyte with C (CF ) additives because it is more favorable for C (CF ) to decompose compared
60
60
3 6
3 6
to NaPF or DME solvent. Thus, C60 and CF groups can significantly improve the electrochemical
6
3
performance of cells with sodium metal anodes.
Nitrogen-containing additives
[61]
EFPN [Table 10] is an organic compound that was proposed as an additive for non-flammable
electrolytes for SIBs. This compound and its characteristics were described in this review previously as an