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Page 8 of 37 Shipitsyn et al. Energy Mater 2023;3:300038 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.22

2% vol. FEC 87.5 238 170
[57]
EC/DMC (1:1) - 83.0 315 305 100 Li et al., 2016
[58]
81.0 358 312 200 Li et al., 2019
70.0 200 130 130 Fondard et al.,
[24]
2020
1.5% vol. FEC 72.0 220 158 130
3% vol. FEC 77.0 230 216 130
1.5% vol. DMCF 48.0 150 120 130
3% vol. DMCF 27.0 100 70 130
[59]
- 80.2 - - - Zhang et al., 2022
1% wt. 1,3-PS 81.8
1% wt. DTD 86.6
NCCF EC/DMC - - 160 144 1,600 Shao et al. 2013 [60]
(3:7)
[61]
AC EC/DEC (1:1) - 22.2 80 63 200 Feng et al., 2015
5% vol. EFPN 27.6 94 92 200
[62]
HC - 83.0 235 213 300 Luo et al., 2015
- 88.0 255 65 100 Kim et al., 2019 [63]
0.5 wt.% FEC 84.0 248 95
0.5 wt.% SA 80.0 251 150
[64]
DME - 84.7 235 170 2,000 Bai et al., 2019
0.5% vol. VC 83.0 221 211 2,000
1% vol. VC 74.3 - - -
5% vol. VC 41.7 - - -
10% vol. VC 30.1 - - -
VC - 21.3 - - -
[65]
HC 0.8 M NaPF EC/PC (1:4) 2% vol. FEC 76.2 274 221 100 Che et al., 2017
6
2% vol. FEC + 0.05M 78.9 297 283
RbPF
6
2% vol. FEC + 0.05M 78.5 302 293
CsPF 6
[52]
HC 0.9M NaFSI TFEP - 75.4 239 219 100 Jiang et al., 2018
HC 1.0M NaFSI TMP - < 1.0 no discharge - - Wang et al., 2017 [66]
capacity
2.0M NaFSI - 48.0 - - -
3.3M NaFSI - 75.0 238 225 1,200
HC 1M NaTFSI EC/DMC (1:1) - 65.0 190 80 130 Fondard et al.,
[24]
2020
3% vol. FEC 68.0 205 185 110
3% vol. DMCF 60.0 208 150 130
[67]
rGO 1M NaOTf EC/DEC (1:1) - 39.0 375 262 100 Zhang et al., 2016
DGM - 74.6 562 509 100
- 74.6 332 250 1,000

The electrochemical performance (CE at the 1st cycle, capacity at the 1st and further cycles) of carbonaceous anodes in various electrolytes is
provided. The most frequently used salts are NaPF , NaClO , and NaFSI. AC: Acetylene black; CNF: carbon nano-fibers; CNSF: carbon nanosheet
6 4
frameworks; DEC: diethyl carbonate; DFEC: difluoroethylene carbonate; DGM: diglyme; DMC: dimethyl carbonate; DMCF: fluorinated dimethyl
c a r b o n a t e ; D M E : d i m e t h o x y e t h a n e ; D T D : 1 , 3 , 2 - d i o x a t h i o l a n e - 2 , 2 - d i o x i d e ; E C : e t h y l e n e c a r b o n a t e ; E F P N :
ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene; EMC: ethyl methyl carbonate; FEC: fluoroethylene carbonate; HC: hard carbon; HCNS: hollow carbon
nanospheres; HCNW: hollow carbon nanowires; HDC: highly disordered carbon; HHC: hydrophilic hard carbon; NaFSI: sodium bis-
(fluorosulfonyl)imide; NaTFSI: sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide; NCCF: nanocellular carbon foam; PC: propylene carbonate; rGO:
reduced graphene oxide; SA: succinic anhydride; TFEP: tri(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite; TMP: trimethyl phosphate; VC: vinylene carbonate.

Difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC, Table 3) was considered as a possible additive for the HC anode, and it
is widely used for improving the characteristics of LIBs [74,75] . However, Komaba et al. concluded that this
[39]