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Figure 4. Optimal spatial distribution of AVS and potential electricity generation. (A) shows the spatial distribution of yearly photovoltaic
(PV) power potential (kWh kWp ) within areas suitable for agrivoltaic systems (AVS), mapped using ArcGIS Pro based on data from [28] .
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(B) illustrates the annual electricity production potential (TWh year ) compared to the 2024 Andalusian renewable mix. The red dashed
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line indicates the regional electricity demand (41.1 TWh). Scenarios are defined by biochar feedstock and AVS deployment levels: S1 (EOP,
no AVS), S2 (EOP, 50% AVS), S3 (EOP-OP, 50% AVS), S4 (AVS-only, 100% AVS), and S5 (EOP-OP, 100% AVS).
