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Figure 5. (A) displays the net climate impact of the baseline and intervention scenarios expressed as mega tonnes of CO 2 equivalent per
year (Mt CO 2 -eq·year ), considering the Spanish electricity mix from 2024 for the electricity benefits. (B) shows the sensitivity analysis
-1
using the projected 2030 mix. Scenarios are defined by biochar feedstock and AVS deployment levels: S1 (EOP, no AVS), S2 (EOP, 50%
AVS), S3 (EOP-OP, 50% AVS), S4 (AVS-only, 100% AVS), and S5 (EOP-OP, 100% AVS). Negative values indicate climate benefits from
biochar sequestration and renewable electricity generation. Black markers denote the net total impact with standard deviation (SD) from
Monte Carlo simulation.
