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Page 8 of 16 Cui et al. Carbon Footprints 2026, 5, 19

Table 2. Changes in the SIC stocks across the 0-100 cm soil profile under different farming treatments over the 16-year experimental
period

SIC stock in 2008 (Mg C ha ) SIC stock in 2024 (Mg C ha ) Annual change (Mg ha yr )
-1
-1
-1
-1
0-20 cm CK 15.3 ± 0.68 11.0 ± 2.48a -0.27 ± 0.12c
FRM 3.93 ± 2.28b -0.71 ± 0.11a
OPT 7.86 ± 2.34ab -0.46 ± 0.11b
NoT 6.84 ± 2.27ab -0.53 ± 0.11b
0-40 cm CK 29.6 ± 2.13 20.2 ± 1.54a -0.59 ± 0.07b
FRM 12.1 ± 3.34b -1.10 ± 0.09a
OPT 14.6 ± 5.27ab -0.94 ± 0.22a
NoT 15.1 ± 3.27ab -0.90 ± 0.08a
0-70 cm CK 47.8 ± 2.64 30.8 ± 3.10a -1.07 ± 0.03b
FRM 24.1 ± 4.28ab -1.48 ± 0.16a
OPT 20.6 ± 1.81b -1.71 ± 0.07a
NoT 25.0 ± 7.63ab -1.43 ± 0.32a
0-100 cm CK 91.4 ± 5.10 65.5 ± 7.43a -1.62 ± 0.17b
FRM 61.3 ± 4.19a -1.88 ± 0.13b
OPT 54.5 ± 5.16a -2.31 ± 0.11a
NoT 52.7 ± 10.5a -2.42 ± 0.46a

The data shown are the mean ± SD (n = 4). Different letters for the same crop indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among the four
treatments. CK represents the control treatment, FRM represents the local farmer operation treatment, OPT represents the optimized farming
operation treatment, and NoT represents the no-tillage treatment. SIC: Soil inorganic carbon.

Table 3. Changes in the TC stocks across the 0-100 cm soil profile under different farming treatments over the 16-year experimental
periods
TC stock in 2008 (Mg C ha ) TC stock in 2024 (Mg C ha ) Annual change rate (Mg C ha yr )
-1
-1
-1
-1
0-20 cm CK 43.7 ± 1.02 39.2 ± 0.85bc -0.28 ± 0.02c
FRM 37.9 ± 2.81c -0.36 ± 0.13c
OPT 46.4 ± 1.30a 0.17 ± 0.14a
NoT 42.5 ± 2.95ab -0.07 ± 0.13b
0-40 cm CK 72.3 ± 1.74 65.7 ± 3.28a -0.42 ± 0.11b
FRM 64.6 ± 5.21a -0.48 ± 0.22b
OPT 74.5 ± 6.12a 0.14 ± 0.47a
NoT 70.5 ± 3.94a -0.12 ± 0.14ab
0-70 cm CK 105 ± 3.43 92.9 ± 4.93a -0.75 ± 0.19b
FRM 98.0 ± 8.25a -0.44 ± 0.48ab
OPT 103 ± 7.71a -0.10 ± 0.43a
NoT 101 ± 7.32a -0.22 ± 0.24ab
0-100 cm CK 156 ± 5.36 150 ± 8.51a -0.35 ± 0.35b
FRM 153 ± 10.5a -0.14 ± 0.48b
OPT 158 ± 6.91a 0.17 ± 0.64b
NoT 147 ± 10.6a -0.54 ± 0.46b
The data shown are the mean ± SD (n = 4). Different letters for the same crop indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among the four
treatments. CK represents the control treatment, FRM represents the local farmer operation treatment, OPT represents the optimized farming
operation treatment, and NoT represents the no-tillage treatment. TC: Total soil carbon.