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Figure 9. (A) Synthesis schematic of the Pt nanoparticle-modified 1T-MoS sacrificial catalyst (1T: trigonal antiprismatic phase; 2H:
2
hexagonal prismatic phase). (B) HRTEM image of CTS-Pt@MoS . (C) Pt 4f XPS profiles of pristine Pt@HCF and CTS-Pt@MoS . (D) Mo
2
2
3d XPS profiles of CTS-Pt@MoS . (E) LSV curves for determining the ORR activities of CTS-MoS , CTS-Pt@MoS , and 20 wt%
2
2
2
Pt/Vulcan electrodes. (F) Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling behavior of the CTS-Pt@MoS electrode. (Reproduced with
2
permission [102] . Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society).
sponge exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the OER/ORR in seawater. The fabricated hybrid
sodium-seawater flow battery prepared with a 3D macroporous carbon sponge as the cathode exhibits
excellent battery behavior, high discharging voltage and energy efficiency, excellent rechargeability, and
long-term cycle stability. The incorporation of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing groups in carbon skeletons
and the defective structure provide abundant electrocatalytic active sites for OER/ORR. Secondly, the
microporous structure provides a large number of pathways for the efficient transportation of dissolved O ,
2
-
OH , and H O, which greatly enhances the OER/ORR performance. Thirdly, graphitization and
2
interconnected carbon scaffolds form a 3D conductive network with rapid electron transfer, which
promotes electrochemical OER/ORR activity. Kha Tu et al. prepared a controllable N-doped high specific
[104]
surface area carbon cloth by a simple thermal annealing process [Figure 10A] . The N-doped carbon cloth
prepared at 700 °C contains a high density of pyridinic-nitrogen sites, which is beneficial to improving the
-2
ORR and OER activity [Figure 10B]. At a current density of 0.25 mA cm , the pyridinic-nitrogen-
dominated carbon cathode exhibits excellent SMAB performance, such as a low overpotential gap of 0.84 V
-2
and high-power density of 9.66 mW cm [Figure 10C]. Moreover, the ORR active sites of the N-doped
carbon cloth were confirmed to be related to the adjacent carbon atoms of pyridinic-nitrogen located at the
zigzag edge of the carbon structure or single vacancy defect [Figure 10D and E].