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Page 20 of 47 Zhou et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 10

Figure 9. 2D structure of MEGT. (A) Structure diagram of flexible device composed of composite film [142] . Reproduced with permission.
Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society; (B) Flexible MEG based on PAM/AMPS/LiCl molecular-engineered hydrogels [148] .
Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons; (C) s-MEG structure: SIG is used as power generation layer, and
conductive textiles coated with Ag nanoparticles are used as electrodes [149] . Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2024, American
Chemical Society; (D) The dual hydrogen bond network structure within hydrogels and the ion migration process [152] . Reproduced with
permission. Copyright 2025, John Wiley & Sons; (E) Soft hydrophilic H-PSS film-based moisture electric generation device [153] . Reproduced
with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley & Sons. 2D: Two-dimensional; MEGT: moisture-electric generation textile; MEG:
moisture-electric generator; PAM: polyacrylamide; AMPS: 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid; s-MEG: stretchable moisture
electric generator; SIG: stretchable ionic gel; H-PSS: poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid); CA-BCSNF: CA-crosslinked bacterial cellulose sulfate
nanofiber; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; MEH: molecular-engineered hydrogel; PET: poly (ethylene terephthalate); SA: sodium alginate;
aANFs: activated aramid nanofibers; aASA: activated aramid nanofiber; ASMEG: moisture-electric generator based on the activated
aramid nanofiber film.

aerogel power generation layer using single-walled CNTs (SWNTs) and polymer dendrimers, simultaneously
enhancing power density and output duration .
[158]
Combined with the synergistic effect of multi-layer material structures in the 3D power generation layer,
device stability is enhanced, enabling improved performance output. Zhao et al. prepared a superhydrophilic
3D GO structure based on a preformed oxygen-containing group gradient, effectively promoting the
formation of an ion gradient [159] . For GO recombination, Feng et al. designed an ionic hydrogel/GO
double-layer porous heterogeneous film, providing abundant channels for ion migration and achieving a
wide-range, high-power device [Figure 10A] [160] . For the development of highly stable devices, as shown in
Figure 10B, Shin et al. used CA as a cross-linking agent to form a CNF/CNT network structure, constructing
a strong, environmentally friendly, and highly stable CNF/CNT/CA (CCA) electric generation layer [161] .
Through compounding with 2D materials, Zhao et al. fabricated a double-layer structure composed of
hydrophilic MXene (Ti C T ) aerogels with negatively charged surfaces and PAM ionic hydrogels
3
x
2
(MAH-MEG) [Figure 10C] . The unique microstructure of organic polymer composites facilitates efficient
[162]
ion transport. Inspired by plant transpiration, a 3D self-maintaining MEG (3D-SMEG) was developed
[Figure 10D] . By regulating the adsorption–desorption cycle of water through a biomimetic hydrophobic
[34]
microporous layer, an optimized spatial electric field forms internally, generating a strong concentration
gradient of ionized radicals and significantly enhancing electrical output. In Figure 10E, Song et al.
superimposed a layer of Berlin Green (BG)/GO/CNF (BGC) on a NaCl/cellulose nanofiber (NC) composite
layer to create a double-layer water-induced generator, enabling high ion concentration supply, charge
separation, and directional migration within the power generation layer [163] . In the PSSA-PVA aerogel
double-layer device constructed by Zhao et al., micropores are oriented along the surface normal, aligning
with the water evaporation direction [164] . Cao et al. designed a multilayer ionic hydrogel MEG (IH-MEG)