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Zhou et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 10 Page 15 of 47

even at temperatures as low as -35 °C. Drawing inspiration from the gradient structure of plant root tips,
Xiao et al. developed a Y-shaped microfluidic spinning technique capable of continuously producing
cellulose/CNT gas-aerogel fibers (GAFs) with gradient nanoporous structures . The cellulose network
[90]
facilitates rapid radial liquid diffusion and efficient water transport, while CNTs, combined with quaternized
cellulose nanofibrils (Q-CNF) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), enable the fabrication of an
asymmetric, self-powered cellulose-based power generation layer via directional freeze-drying, exhibiting
high humidity sensitivity and robust durability . A self-gradient power generation device was also
[74]
developed by self-diffusion of a pre-gel solution onto carbon black-loaded knitted fabric [Figure 6E] .
[35]
Leveraging the electric double-layer gradient formed at the hydrogel-carbon interface and the inherent
electrode properties, the device demonstrates high moisture absorption, retention, and temperature
adaptability, extending its potential applications to diverse environmental and wearable devices. For flexible,
low-cost, and high-performance humidity-powered electronics, Zhang et al. reported a polyacrylic acid
(PAA) ionic hydrogel-based power generation layer prepared from a lignosulfonate (LS)-Al composite
3+
system [Figure 6F] [127] . The green Al crosslinking ions interacted at room temperature, imparting the
3+
devices with excellent mechanical properties and flexibility.

DECIVE STRUCTURES OF MOISTURE ELECTRIC GENERATION TEXTILES
MEGT devices feature power-generating layers that can be categorized into three dimensional types. 1D
structures integrate power generation capabilities into a single fiber or yarn, allowing the use of natural
moisture-absorbing fibers as the matrix and enabling flexible functionalization. They exhibit excellent
flexibility and knitability, although their power generation performance is relatively low. These structures can
be seamlessly integrated into energy-harvesting textiles, making them suitable for applications that prioritize
flexibility over high power output. 2D structures primarily utilize electrospun nanofiber membranes, fabrics,
or nanowires as substrates. Electrospun nanofiber membranes possess high specific surface areas and
porosities, ensuring thorough interaction with moisture. Their power generation performance generally
surpasses that of 1D structures, making them well-suited for localized functional flexible patch electronics
and miniature sensors. 3D structures are typically fabricated using biofibers or polymeric materials to form
multilayer assemblies. Synergistic interactions between the functional layers maximize device performance.
These structures can be produced as standalone wearable power-generating modules or integrated into
clothing, capable of supplying power to devices with moderate energy demands.

1D structure
1D single-fiber structures offer many unique advantages in humidity-generating layers, such as high specific
surface area, directional charge transmission, and fast response, making them highly promising for wearable
devices, flexible electronics, microsensors, and related applications. GO materials, which are widely utilized,
can also be fabricated into 1D power-generating layers. Liang et al. prepared a high-performance flexible
graphene fiber power generator by selectively irradiating linear regions of GO fibers with a laser . Building
[128]
on this, Shao et al. developed a coaxial fiber-shaped hygroelectric generator (FHEG) based on GO, in which
an external Ag wire is wound on the GO shell, providing excellent compatibility with woven fabrics .
[52]
Similarly, Zan et al. developed a novel strategy combining complex coacervation with intrinsic potential to
fabricate mechanically flexible, high-performance core-shell fiber-based MEGT [Figure 7A] . The MEG
[50]
structure consists of a poly (3,4-ethynedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) core and a shell made of oppositely
charged PDDA and SA (NaAlg) coacervate (PEDOT@PDDA/NaAlg), wrapped with a copper wire electrode.
When the PEDOT electrode is assembled with the copper electrode, an inherent potential is induced,
providing the driving force for directional diffusion of charge carriers and thereby enhancing device
performance. Inspired by natural vascular structures, Gao et al. designed a high-performance yarn-based
MEGT [Figure 7B] . This yarn-based moisture electric generator (YMEG) uses cotton yarn as a base, with
[129]
an aluminum wire as the outer electrode and a core electrode composed of PSSA/PVA and carbon fibers.