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Wang et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 28 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.11 Page 11 of 29

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Figure 6. (A) 4,096 units sensor array. Reproduced with permission [93] . Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH; (B) 4,096 pixels/cm pressure
sensor array. Reproduce with permission [30] . Copyright 2024 IEEE. PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane; MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon
nanotubes; TFT: thin-film transistor.

thermoelectric materials themselves to achieve active thermal management. Passive and active thermal
management strategies have their own different advantages and disadvantages. The passive thermal
management strategy does not require external components for heat transfer, but it does not allow for fine-
tuning of the heat and temperature. The most significant advantage of the active thermal management
strategy is that it can realize heat transfer efficiently, but it needs to rely on the support of external
components .
[100]

Anti-crosstalk strategies
The increase in array channels offers more possibilities for precision measurement and distributed sensing
but also increases crosstalk, affecting test results. Thus, anti-crosstalk is another key challenge in sensor
array manufacturing. Zhang et al. prepared ultra-low-crosstalk sensor arrays using photo-reticulated strain
[35]
localization films (prslPDMS) . They doped PDMS with benzophenone to inhibit UV-induced
crosslinking, forming a caged structure. This structure isolated adjacent sensing units, suppressing the
spread of mechanical deformation. Compared to PET-based models, those with prslPDMS spacers had
90.3% less pixel deformation overflow and a crosstalk coefficient of 33.41 dB. Hu et al. proposed a flexible
sensor array based on mechanical micro-lattice structures . The array comprised hollow PDMS upper
[34]
substrates, independent active materials/electrode arrays, and polyimide (PI) mesh support layers. This
structure, combined with Young’s modulus gradient design, concentrated external forces on stressed units,