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Zhao et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:18 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.04 Page 9 of 32

Table 2. Analytes in sweat and related health status
Normal range in
Analytes Related health status Ref.
sweat
-2
Volume Sweat rate 0.72-3.65 mg·cm Dehydration [66-68]
·min -1
+
Ions Na 10-100 mM Hyponatremia; hypernatremia; identification of dehydration; [68-72]
heat stress; dehydration
-
Cl 10-100 mM Hypochloremia; hyperchloremia; cystic fibrosis diagnosis [68,73]
+
K 1-18.5 mM Hypokalemia diagnosis; hyperkalemia diagnosis; irregular heartbeat [68,72,74]
and arrhythmia diagnosis; renal failure monitoring; muscle cramps
+
NH 4 0.1-1 mM Changing from an aerobic state to an anaerobic state; hepatic disorder [75]
diagnosis
2+
Ca 0.41-12.4 mM Hypocalcemia; hypercalcemia; chronic kidney diseases; mineral bone [72,76]
disorder; cirrhosis
2+ -1
Zn 100-1,560 μg·L Diarrhea; pneumonia; liver damage; zinc poisoning [77,78]
pH 3-8 Cystic fibrosis; hydration; dermatitis; ichthyosis; fungal infections; [33,68,69]
wound healing
2+ -1
Cd < 100 μg·L Respiratory tract, liver and kidney problems [77]
Hg + < 100 μg·L -1 Hunter-Russell syndrome; minamata disease; acrodynia uremia [77]
2+ -1
Pb < 100 μg·L Lead poisoning; infertility; memory loss; high blood pressure [77]
2+ -1
Cu 100-1,000 μg·L Anemia; osteoporosis; heart and kidney failure; brain disease and [77]
disorder; Wilson’s disease, liver damage
Metabolites Glucose 10-200 μM Diabetes and prediabetes monitoring; hypoglycemia management [61,79]
Lactate 2-30 mM Lactic acidosis diagnoses; tissue hypoxia; respiratory disease [68,80,81]
Urea 1.8-46 mM Kidney failure diagnosis; uraemia diagnosis [82-84]
Uric acid 2-10 mM Gout management; cardiovascular and kidney disease [6,27,76]
Nutrients Ascorbic acid 10-50 μM Uric acid stone diagnosis; scurvy diagnosis; chronic inflammation [85]
(vitamin C)
Tyrosine 0.2-0.4 mM Metabolic disorders; neuropsychiatric and eating disorders; liver diseases [6]
Tryptophan 0.055-0.08 mM Inflammation-associated disorders [86]
BCAAs 0.2-1 mM Hepatocellular carcinoma; muscle wasting disorders; chronic renal failure [87,88]
-3
Hormones Cortisol 0.1-20 × 10 mM Pressure level monitoring; depressive disorder diagnosis; cardiovascular [27,89]
diseases
-6
Testosterone 0.8-1.6 × 10 mM Depression [90]
-1
Neuropeptide Y 50-200 pg·mL Major depression disorder; management of chronic anxiety disorders [91]
-9
Proteins C-reactive protein 4.2-250 × 10 mM Chronic inflammation [9,27]
-1
Interleukin 6 5-15 pg·mL Insulin activity; immune responses in cancer therapy [93]
-1
Interleukin 8 4.2 ± 1.7 pg·mL Role as a major inflammatory mediator; physiological homeostatic [94]
functions
-1
TGF-β 3.7 ± 1.6 pg·mL Cell growth, differentiation to the regulation of immune responses [94,95]
-3
Drugs Levodopa < 2.5 × 10 mM Parkinson’s disease management [16,27]
-3
Acetaminophen < 50 × 10 mM Chronic liver disease [27,96]
Caffeine / Coronary syndrome; hypertension; depression [18]
Others Ethanol 2.5-22.5 mM Alcohol consumption detection; alcohol intoxication diagnosis; alcohol [92]
cardiomyopathy diagnosis
Nicotine / Nicotine poisoning [97]
BCAAs: Branched-chain amino acids; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta.

Metabolites detection
Among wearable sweat sensors, the detection of metabolites has seen significant advancements and
widespread use. This capability offers valuable insights into body glucose levels, tissue hypoxia, body
hydration, etc. Glucose and lactate are the two most studied metabolites providing physiological
information on human health status. Sempionatto et al. developed finger-touched sweat electrochemical