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Figure 6. Flexible sweat sensors for metabolite monitoring. (A) A fingertip touch sensor for sweat glucose monitoring. Reproduced with
permission [54] . Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (B) A textile-based sweat glucose sensor. Reproduced with permission [104] .
Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; (C) Sweat sensor for lactate detection. Reproduced under the terms and conditions of the
CC BY [81] . Copyright 2016, Author(s), published by Springer Nature; (D) Wireless wearable electrochemical sensing platform for
continuous lactate monitoring. Reproduced with permission [105] . Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (E) Glucose and lactate
monitoring by self-powered biosensor. Reproduced with permission [106] . Copyright 2021, Springer Nature; (F) Skin-integrated electronics
for sweat uric acid detection. Reproduced under the terms and conditions of the CC BY [76] . Copyright 2023, Taylor & Francis Online.

that integrates a uric acid monitoring system with a PDMS-based microfluidic system. This flexible and
wearable device allows for on-site perspiration collection, analysis, and wireless data transmission. The uric
acid sensor demonstrated a detection range of 5-200 μM and a detection limit of 1.79 μM. This novel
technology provides a valuable diagnostic tool for routine health monitoring, particularly for patients with
conditions such as gout, cardiovascular diseases, and renal diseases [Figure 6F] . Kim et al. reported a
[76]
tattoo-based alcohol monitoring platform that combines sweat-inducing iontophoresis with an
amperometric enzymatic biosensing method. This alcohol biosensor obtained a detection range of 0-36 mM
-1
and a sensitivity of 0.362 ± 0.009 μA·mM , which can provide real-time status of personal alcohol