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Yue et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:13 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.02 Page 9 of 11

CONCLUSIONS
In this work, we systematically completed the design, fabrication of LIG-based sensors, and their
applications in smart tires. Two LIG-based sensors were fabricated with PI film and PDMS substrates, and
the better flexibility, stretchability, and excellent linearity with remarkable durability of LIG-PDMS sensor
were determined by tensile experiments for smart tire applications. The feasibility of LIG embedded in the
tire to monitor the tire deformation was confirmed through the experiment, and the time and strain of LIG
sensors entering and leaving the tire grounding area were analyzed to achieve the estimation of the tire
grounding length. The prediction of tire grounding marks and vehicle speed in an accurate manner was
achieved by the arrangement of multiple LIG sensors.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Conceived the research idea and supervised the overall project: Guo X
Wrote the manuscript with contributions from all authors: Yue Y, Guo X
Conducted the composite preparation and electrical characterization experiments: Wang H, Zhao Z
Fabricated the sensors and studied their applications: Li X, Zhao Z, Wang H
The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval for
the final version of the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12072030).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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