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Page 14 of 26 Xiao et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.03

Figure 8. Application in soft robotics. (A) Self-crawling robot. The robot with a twisted ring shape offers a tunable moving speed at
different temperatures. Scale bar, 2 cm. Reproduced with permission [140] . Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (B) rolling robot. The
robot can realize the self-folding (from 2D shape to 3D cylindrical shape) and self-rolling under thermal actuation. Scale bars, 1 cm.
Reproduced with permission [46] . Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science; (C) jumping robot. The robot
has a double-folded ribbon shape, exhibiting an excellent jumping performance under the optical actuation. Scale bars, 2 mm at the
middle panel and 20 mm at the right. Reproduced with permission [139] . Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (D) climbing robot. The robot can
climb on various curvy surfaces, and switch between two different surfaces, by harnessing the electrothermal actuation. Scale bars, 1
cm. Reproduced with permission [47] . Copyright 2022, National Academy of Science; (E) swimming robot. The geometrically
reconfigurable robot (arc-shaped in the air and helix-shaped in the viscous liquid) can walk, jump, and swim in response to remote
thermal/magnetic fields. Scale bars, 5 mm. Reproduced with permission [133] . Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH; (F) macroscopic gripper. The
schematic illustration shows an electrically controlled gripper consisting of three tubular LCE actuators, a microcontroller, and a fixture.
The optical images on the bottom show that the gripper can realize grabbing, holding and releasing. Scale bar, 1 cm. Reproduced with
permission [45] . Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science; (G) microgripper. The photograph shows that
the microgripper autonomously grabs certain materials. Scale bar, 20 μm. Reproduced with permission [141] . Copyright 2017, WILEY-
VCH; (H) camouflage robot. The schematic illustration shows a biomimetic robot that can crawl and discolor in response to light with
different wavelengths. Reproduced with permission [142] . Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.