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Page 12 of 26 Xiao et al. Soft Sci 2023;3:11 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2023.03

Figure 7. Actuation of LCEs by other stimuli. (A) Organic solvent stimulated actuation. The schematic illustration on the left shows the
two-step chemical reaction of the urease with LCEs. The optical images on the right show the urease-stimulated deformation of LCE
stripes, including bending and helix. Reproduced with permission [25] . Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (B) metal ion (Fe+)
stimulated actuation. The schematic illustration shows that the mesogens/Bip changes from mesogenic phase to nonmesogenic phase
upon binding the metal ion (Fe+). The photograph on the bottom shows that the LCE sample undergoes a macroscopic contraction after
the actuation. Reproduced with permission [130] . Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (C) swelling-induced actuation. The left
photograph shows an isotropic shape actuation triggered by immersing in the solvent vapor. The right figure shows a time-dependent
twist during the swelling-induced actuation. Reproduced with permission [132] . Copyright 2017, Elsevier; (D) magnetothermal actuation.
The schematic illustration shows the basic deformation mode and the controlling strategy for the LCEs responsive to the magnetic field.
Reproduced with permission [43] ; (E) deformation of a LCE stripe under the combined thermal and swelling actuation. Scale bar, 5 mm.
Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry; (F) deformation of a LCE-based composite under the
combined photothermal and magnetic actuation. Reproduced with permission [135] . Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (G) a
ferromagnetic LCE actuated by combined temperature and magnetic fields. The photograph shows a multi-function robot constructed
by the ferromagnetic LCE. The robot can jump, roll, crawl, and carry loads. Scale bars, 5 mm. Reproduced with permission [44] . Copyright
2021, Wiley-VCH.