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coexisting aneurysms: a comparison of two referral centers. Stroke cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery 2007;61:693‑702.
2002;33:675‑9. 28. Shi C, Shenkar R, Batjer HH, Check IJ, Awad IA. Oligoclonal
24. Aziz MM, Takagi Y, Hashimoto N, Miyamoto S. Activation of immune response in cerebral cavernous malformations. Laboratory
nuclear factor kappaB in cerebral arteriovenous malformations. investigation. J Neurosurg 2007;107:1023‑6.
Neurosurgery 2010;67:1669‑79.
25. Redekop GJ, Elisevich KV, Gaspar LE, Wiese KP, Drake CG. Cite this article as: Guo Y, Tihan T, Kim H, Hess C, Lawton MT, Young
Conventional radiation therapy of intracranial arteriovenous WL, Zhao YL, Su H. Distinctive distribution of lymphocytes in unruptured
malformations: long‑term results. J Neurosurg 1993;78: and previously untreated brain arteriovenous malformation. Neuroimmunol
413‑22. Neuroinflammation 2014;1(3):147-52.
26. Adams RA, Schachtrup C, Davalos D, Tsigelny I, Akassoglou K. Source of Support: This study was supported by National Institutes of Health
Fibrinogen signal transduction as a mediator and therapeutic target grants: P01 NS44155 (WLY and HS), R21 NS083788 (HS), R01 NS027713
in inflammation: lessons from multiple sclerosis. Curr Med Chem (HS), and R01 NS034949 (HK). Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation
2007;14:2925‑36. of China grant: H2013201283 (YG). National Natural Science Foundation of
27. Shenkar R, Shi C, Check IJ, Lipton HL, Awad IA. Concepts and China grant: No. 81271313 (YLZ, YG). Conflict of Interest: No.
hypotheses: inflammatory hypothesis in the pathogenesis of cerebral Received: 01-08-2014; Accepted: 01-09-2014

152 Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 1 | Issue 3 | December 2014