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Aydin et al. J Transl Genet Genom. 2025;9:406-26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2025.108 Page 412

Table 2. DMD-specific hubs of three-layered biological networks and their functions, inhibitor names, and UniProt IDs

Gene UniProt Inhibitor
name ID Regulation Function Inhibitor Name PubChem ID Ref

ARL6IP1 Q15041 UP It plays a role in protein transport and cell signaling during hematopoietic maturation Bisphenol A 6623 [33,
34]
CD44 P16070 UP It is a hyaluronic acid receptor and plays a role in cell-cell crosstalk, cell adhesion, and cell migration Acetaminophen 1983 [35]
CIITA P33076 UP It controls MHC class I and II gene transcription that γ-interferon initiates Melphalan 460612 [36]
FAS P25445 UP It plays a central role in programmed cell death, cancer development, and progression Alitretinoin 449171 [37,
38]
FKBP14 Q9NWM8 UP It aids in procollagen folding, and defects in this gene can cause a type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Deguelin 1079352 [39]
GLS O94925 UP It encodes the K-type mitochondrial glutaminase, which is responsible for glutamine catabolism Calcitriol 5280453 [40]
HLA-C P10321 UP It functions as a ligand for killer immunoglobulin in receptors on natural killer cells and plays a role in the adaptive immune Lithocholic acid 9903 [41,
response 42]
HSPA2 P54652 DOWN It encodes a chaperone protein, supports spermatogenesis, and facilitates the successful fertilization of oocytes Aflatoxin B1 186907 [43,
44]
IGFBP5 P24593 UP-DOWN It promotes cell viability and the differentiation of muscle cells Abrine 160511 [45,
46]

KIAA1429 Q69YN4 PPI It regulates the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in atherosclerosis Bisphenol A 6623 [47]
MME P08473 UP-DOWN The encoded protein is a neutral endopeptidase and functions as a cell surface marker in the diagnosis of acute Fisetin 5281614 [48]
lymphocytic leukemia

MYCN P04198 UP It is essential for fetal development. Also, it is responsible for the regulation of gene expression, including proliferation, Ketamine-8 3812 [49,
growth, apoptosis, energy metabolism, and differentiation 50]
NABP1 Q96AH0 UP It is involved in DNA replication, recombination, and repair Dronabinol 16078B [51]
NCOA3 Q9Y6Q9 UP It regulates the progression of the cell cycle and functions as a transcriptional coactivator of NF-κB Gambogic acid 9852185 [52]

NFIB O00712 UP It encodes several developmental pathways involved in brain development, pons formation, and lung maturation Aristolochic acid I 2236A [53]
NFKB1 P19838 TF It regulates immediate-early response to viral infection, and inappropriate activation of NF-κB has been associated with Bisphenol A 6623 [54]
many inflammatory diseases

NKX3-1 Q99801 UP-DOWN It acts as a transcription factor that functions critically in prostate development and tumor suppression Isoflavones 72304 [55]
OCIAD2 Q56VL3 UP It stimulates STAT3 activation and its phosphorylation, and cell motility Endosulfan 3224 [56]
PEG10 Q86TG7 UP It plays an important role in placenta formation and adipocyte differentiation. The dysregulated expression is associated Azoxystrobin 3034285P [57]
with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the development of malignancies
PLXND1 Q9Y4D7 UP-DOWN It encodes a protein involved in embryonic neurogenesis and vasculogenesis Acrylamide 6579 [58]
PML P29590 UP It regulates hemopoietic differentiation, cell growth, and tumorigenesis Amphetamine 3007 [59]
PPP2R1B P30154 UP It triggers tumor suppression by dephosphorylating the β-catenin pathway and plays an important role in cell cycle control Bisphenol A 6623 [60]
RAP2B P61225 UP It is the p53 target that mediates survival after DNA damage Mitomycin 5746 [61]

RELA Q04206 TF It regulates physiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation, and limits the induction of Melphalan 460612 [62]
the IFN promoter at the posttranslational level in T cells