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Page 14 of 20 Li et al. J Mater Inf 2024;4:27 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jmi.2024.44

Figure 7. Stress-strain curves of RAFM steels at 25-600 °C: (A) 1# steel and (B) 2# steel; temperature-dependent tensile properties of
1# and 2# steels compared with literature data of Eurofer97 [1,50] , CLAM [51] , JLF-1 [52] and F82H [53] : (C) UTS and (D) TE. RAFM: Reduced
activation ferritic-martensitic; Eurofer97: European RAFM steel; CLAM: China low activation martensitic; JLF-1: Japanese low activation
Fe–9Cr–2WVTa; F82H: Japanese low activation ferritic 8Cr–2WVTa steel; UTS: ultimate tensile strength; TE: total elongation.

In summary, the integrated design model has effectively guided the design of novel RAFM steels with
targeted microstructures and tensile properties, as evidenced by experimental results. SEM and TEM
analyses confirm that the microstructures of 1# and 2# steels prepared in our laboratory meet the design
goals, exhibiting a fully martensitic structure without δ-ferrite, Laves, and Z-phase. Both V and V M23C6 in
MX
1# and 2# steels also meet the specific structure requirements. Tensile testing at 600 °C indicates that 1# steel
meets all performance criteria, while 2# steel meets the strength requirement but has a TE 0.7% below the
target, which is still acceptable for material design. These results validate the effectiveness of the integrated
design model for optimizing the compositions and processing conditions of RAFM steels to achieve
targeted microstructures and tensile properties.