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Alotaibi et al. Papaya seeds effect prostate cancer

between 65 and 80 years, and it is rare in men who are in inhibiting prostate cancer cells proliferation and,
under than 40 years. The other contributing factor therefore, may be a good nutraceutical for preventing
[3]
is genetics. For example, men of African-American and/or treating prostate cancer in men. To determine
descent are at a significantly higher risk of developing the effect of papaya seeds extract on prostate cancer
prostate cancer than white men. In fact, prostate cell proliferation, we used both white and black
cancer is the fourth most common reason overall for seeds extracts for their anticancer activity using PC-3
death in African-American men. About 19% of black prostate cancer cells.
men, (1 in 5) will be diagnosed with prostate cancer,
and 5% of those will die from this disease. Also, a METHODS
[4]
man who has a member of his family with prostate
cancer is more likely to get the prostate cancer Materials
compared to another man. In addition, a man who PC-3 cells (CRL-1435) and 3T3L1 cells (CL-173) were
[5]
inherited the faulty BRCA2 gene is more likely to get purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA 20110), F-12K
the more severe type of prostate cancer. [5] and DMEM media was purchased from Gibco (Grand
island, NY14072), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS-BBT)
Obesity also contributes to prostate cancer. Sex was purchased from RAMBIO (Missoula, Montana),
[6]
hormones are also involved in prostate cancer antibiotics penicillin and streptomycin (BP2959)
development. Reduced testosterone levels have been and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS; BP399-550)
related to obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), benign was purchased from Fisher (Fair lawn, New Jersey
prostatic hypertrophy and even prostate cancer. 07410). Green papaya was obtained from Randolph
[7]
Diet rich in high-fat milk and red meat, saturated fats Farm at Virginia State University, whereas golden
and omega-6 fatty acids was found to increase the papaya was purchased by Tex State Distributing LLC
risk of prostate cancer whereas diet rich in fruits and (Alaneo, TX). WST-1 (MK400) was purchased from
vegetable decreases the risk of prostate cancer. [8-10] An Talkara (Shiga, Japan).
inverse association between high intake of vegetables
and/or fruits and incidences of cancer was reported by Preparation of papaya seeds extracts
a number of epidemiological studies. [11-17] Further, the The papaya was washed with distilled water, blotted
preventive effect on prostate cancer risk was found dry with paper towel, and was cut into half to access
for a diet, which was rich in tomato products and the seeds. The seeds were scrapped and washed 3
lycopene. Unfortunately, there are conflicting findings times with distilled water. The washed seeds were
[18]
on the lycopene-prostate cancer risk relationship and
the preventive role of tomato products. [19,20] spread on a plastic trays and left for drying in a
chemical hood until a constant weight was obtained.
Papaya fruits also contained a significant amount of The dried seeds were grounded to a fine powder
lycopene and anticancer activities of papaya have using a mortar and pestle with liquid nitrogen added
been demonstrated in a number of in vitro studies. to keep the powder frozen. The dried powder was
[21]
o
Papaya juice and pure lycopene caused cell death flashed with nitrogen and stored at -80 C until used.
in the liver cancer cell line, Hep G2. Papaya A known quantity (5 g) of dried papaya powder
[22]
seed extract exhibited anticancer activity in acute was mixed with 100 mL of distilled water, 80%
promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells whereas papaya methanol, or hexane and placed on a shaker at room
pulp extract did not have any effect. [23] temperature overnight.
Papaya has also been used as a traditional medicine The next day, the mixture was centrifuged at
in some cultures for male fertility, suggesting its direct 1,500 g for 20 min using a Thermo Scientific centrifuge
role in male reproductive system. Papaya seeds (Waltham, MA). The supernatant was collected and
[24]
are natural contraceptive for both man and women. the residues washed 2 times by suspending them
It is traditionally used to affect the fertility in men in again in the respective solutions, mixing, and placing
a reversible manner. Interestingly papaya seeds have on shaker overnight. The collected supernatant was
not known for side effects, as these are common with pooled together and the residues were discarded. The
pharmaceutical contraceptive. [24,25] It appears that hexane and methanol extracts were dried in a nitrogen
Papaya seeds have activity for male reproductive evaporator (Organomation Associates, Inc, Berlin,
system; it is, therefore, possible that papaya seeds MA) to dryness and then subjected to freeze drying
may have anticancer effect against cancer of prostate over night to ensure removal of traces of solvents. The
gland, a vital organ of male reproductive system. We water extract was freeze dried. The dried extract was
hypothesized that papaya seeds can be effective stored in a -20 C freezer.
o
162 Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment ¦ Volume 3 ¦ August 28, 2017