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contained small amounts of fat predominantly in the form
of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Calcium (Ca ) plays a vital role in regulating cellular
2+
transmembrane trafficking of elements and molecules.
[38]
Dark-green leafy vegetables, therefore, are primary sources
of minerals and trace elements. In the present study, the
[39]
extract was enriched in calcium and magnesium, and trace
elements iron, zinc, and selenium. Mineral and trace element
content of plant leaves is a function of the environment and in
Figure 5: Template DNA stability (%) in cell line of hepatoma (H4IIE-luc) of leafy vegetables would be strongly influenced by the chemical
rats following exposure to FB and/or AFB for various time periods evaluated in
1 1 composition of the soil and the climate. [40,41] The current
RAPD-PCR. FB : fumonisin B ; AFB : afl atoxin B ; RAPD: random amplifi cation
1 1 1 1
[42]
of polymorphic DNA; PCR: polymerase chain reaction results were similar to those reported previously, which
suggests that wild morogo should be considered an important
control and cells treated with 40 μg/mL A. hybridus extract. source of calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, particularly for
The protective effect of the extract at 40 μg/mL appeared as households that are not in a position to access conventional
marked in the stability of DNA in all treatments. vegetables, whether for economic or demographic reasons.

DISCUSSION Exposure of H4IIE-luc cells to AFB resulted in the death of
1
cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. H4IIE-luc
Polyphenols are a class of phytochemicals that contribute cells were more sensitive to AFB and AFB plus FB mixture
1,
1
1
to the total antioxidant capacity of dark green leafy as compared to the control and FB alone. The results showed
1
vegetables. They have aromatic rings and achieve their that treatment with the plant extract 24 h prior to mycotoxin
[31]
antioxidant activities mainly through the donation of exposure succeeded to blocks the AFB toxicity in H4IIE-luc
1
hydrogens. In the current study, A. hybridus extract was cells line. This may be associated with the content of vitamins,
[32]
found to be enriched in phenolic compounds in amounts antioxidants and minerals in the plant extract. This result
comparable to those of conventional and commercially-grown suggested that natural vitamins, provitamins, carotenoids,
non-conventional vegetables. Total phenolic concentrations chlorophyll, phenolics, and synthetic compounds with
[17]
reported herein were similar to those reported in commercial antioxidant properties could potentially be effective against
spinach. [33] Total phenolic concentrations in leaves of the toxic consequence of these mycotoxins. [43]
commercially-produced Ipomoea batata, which is also eaten
as morogo in South Africa were similar. [34] Toxic effects of FB were more pronounced after 24 h than
1
48 h exposure. However, the cytotoxic effect of FB was
1
Carotenoids are pigment molecules responsible for the eliminated at lesser concentrations, suggesting the rapid
color of many fruits and vegetables, have important metabolism of this mycotoxin. These results were similar
[44]
functions in photosynthesis and are abundant in plant to those observed during an in vivo study that proved the
leaves. Carotenoid and beta-carotene concentrations elevation of sphinganine was reversible after short-term
reported in the current study were comparable with that exposure. Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism as a
[45]
of baby spinach reported previously. Bioavailability of specific cytotoxic response to FB exposure and sphingosine
[35]
1
carotenoids in dark green leafy vegetables is reduced by reached its maximum concentration after 48 h. [46,47] Several
the leaf matrix. Notwithstanding this limitation, and reports indicate that FB inhibited cell proliferation in
[36]
1
distinct from being Vitamin A precursors, carotenoids different cell lines H4TG, MDCK, NIH3T3, and LLC-PKI. [47,48]
also exhibit considerable antioxidant capacity based on Among 15 mammalian cell lines, MDCK and H4TG were found
their symmetrical linear 40-carbon tetraterpene structure, to be the most sensitive to FB with EC -values of 2.5 and
1
50
which features alternating double and single carbon-carbon 4 μg/mL, respectively, after 4 days exposure. [49]
bonds. [23,34] Folic acid concentration in A. hybridus reported
in the current study was similar to that reported previously AFB is a well-known genotoxicant able to alter the genetic
1
in African vegetables. In the present study, six saturated constitution of an organism by inducing insults of various
[18]
fatty acids, one monounsaturated fatty acid, and two types. Changes in profiles were observed between control
poly-saturated fatty acids were isolated. These results and all mycotoxin treatments. Differences in profiles of
were in accordance with those reported by Weather bands between the control and treated samples might be
[37]
who suggested that dark green leafy vegetables generally due to AFB and/or FB -induced point mutations and/or base
1 1
Hepatoma Research | Volume 1 | Issue 3 | October 15, 2015 143