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(8) Developing an integrated electrolysis and fuel cell system to enhance the flexibility and application
scenarios of SOEC technology.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Authors’ contributions
Conceived the idea and directed the project: Sun, C.
Wrote the paper: Chen, W.; Sun, C.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
The financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2023YFE0115800) and the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52472271).

Conflicts of interest
Both authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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