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Chen et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500045 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.144 Page 19 of 27

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Figure 10. (A) A typical planar SOEC stack-unit scheme. Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2022, MDPI. (B)
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Schematic of tubular SOEC. Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (C) Schematic of microtubular SOEC
structure. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [151] . Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (D) Cross-section of flat-tubular anode-supported cell
and channel position. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [152] . Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
The economy of SOEC mainly depends on the power consumption in the electrolysis process, and the
electrolysis efficiency can be effectively improved by an external heat source. Therefore, fuel-assisted SOEC
is proposed to reduce overpotential by adding fuel to the anode, allowing it to react with the generated
oxygen. As shown in Figure 11, Xu et al. proposed a CH -assisted SOEC co-electrolysis of H O and CO in
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conjunction with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for low-carbon feedstock generation . It was demonstrated
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that by modifying the H O/CO ratio at the inlet, it was feasible to regulate the ratio of CO/H in the syngas.
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This suggests that the SOEC system may offer a significant advantage for hydrocarbon synthesis.
Furthermore, the utilization of sine-like flow channels to facilitate the diffusion of reactive gases can serve to
enhance the performance and stability of the electrolyzer . The combination of this approach with
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Fischer-Tropsch synthesis represents an additional avenue for the engineering application of SOECs.
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
SOECs, as a high-temperature electrolysis technology, offer a viable approach to energy conversion, storage,
and mitigating the greenhouse effect. This paper summarizes the latest research developments in SOECs,
emphasizing the materials and degradation mechanisms. Additionally, key challenges that hinder the
further advancement of SOECs are also given. We believe that the integration of SOECs with renewable
energy sources can facilitate energy storage and ensure a constant output. While significant advancements
have been made in the relevant technology, a considerable gap remains between its current state and that of
large-scale commercial application. The technical challenges include the degradation of materials due to