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Chen et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500045 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.144 Page 15 of 27

Table 5. Comparison of properties of electrolyte materials
Components Operating temperature/°C Conductivity/S cm -1 Ref.
8YSZ 1,000 0.140 [100]
ScSZ 850 0.178 [121]
Ce Sm O 3-δ 800 0.100 [122]
0.8
0.2
1Bi10ScSZ 1,000 0.330 [123]
La Sr Ga Mg O 2.85 800 0.110 [124]
0.8
0.2
0.1
0.9
La Sr 0.2-x Ba Ga Mg O 2.8 600 0.046 [125]
x
0.8
0.2
0.8
BaZr Co O 3-δ 700 0.012 [126]
0.4
0.6
BaCe Zr Dy O 3-δ 600 0.019 [127]
0.2
0.5
0.3
BaCe Zr In O 750 0.0064 [128]
0.5 0.2 0.3 3-δ
BaCe 0.68 Zr Y Yb Cu 0.02 O 3-δ 700 0.019 [129]
0.1 0.1
0.1

Figure 8. Different types of SOECs. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130] . Copyright 2022, Elsevier.

channels serves to inhibit anode sintering and facilitate the formation of a robust interfacial adhesion,
thereby preventing the delamination of anode material during electrolysis . In conclusion, FESCs exhibit
[133]
high electrochemical performance and adaptability to low-temperature operation. The oxygen electrode-
supported structure provides an effective approach to preparing SOECs.

Electrolyte-supported cells
The electrolyte is characterized by robust mechanical properties, facile sintering, and a thickness range of
15-80 m. The electrolyte, following high-temperature firing, exhibits a denser structure . However, an
[134]
increase in the thickness of the electrolyte layer results in an elevated ohmic resistance of the SOECs, which
in turn leads to a decline in the performance of the SOECs. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is
predominantly temperature-dependent. Higher performance can be achieved at operating temperatures
above 800 °C, which constrains the operational range of the electrolytic cell. The current research on ESCs is
focused on enhancing ion mobility and reducing electrolyte thickness. Enhancing ion mobility can be
achieved by the development of new electrolyte materials, while reducing electrolyte thickness can be
accomplished by improvements in the SOEC assembly process.

DEGRADATION
SOECs exhibit a significant decay in performance over extended periods of operation. The most stable
SOEC system exhibits a degradation rate of approximately 3%·(khr) , which is below the commercial
-1