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Page 20 of 27 Chen et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500045 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.144

Figure 11. Schematic of direct methane synthesis from CO -H O co-electrolysis in a tubular unit combining a SOEC and a Fischer-
2 2
[157]
Tropsch reactor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. . Copyright 2023, Elsevier.
long-term operation, the development of high-entropy perovskites, the accumulation of harmful substances
in interconnect materials, the loss of gas tightness, and the limited scenarios of application. In addition, the
economic challenges include higher costs due to reduced durability and increased maintenance costs caused
by critical materials such as interconnects and sealants. In summary, to prepare SOECs with good catalytic
activity and stability, and promote the industrial application of solid oxide electrolysis technology, future
research should focus on the following:

(1) Developing high-performance electrolyte and electrode materials that are stable at low temperatures
while improving the structure of existing materials.

(2) Enhancing SOEC performance by optimizing the stoichiometric ratio of perovskites and introducing
more active sites.

(3) Advancing H-SOEC technology to enhance its electrocatalytic performance and durability at lower
temperatures.

(4) Exploring new processes to enhance the stack performance, reduce internal resistance, and maintain
stable operation under high-temperature conditions.

(5) Promoting the systematic and large-scale application of SOECs, integrating them with clean energy
sources and electric grids.

(6) Coupling SOECs with other chemical synthesis processes, such as ethylene production from methane or
nitrogen monoxide production from nitrogen, to enhance the economic benefits of SOEC technology.

(7) Conducting in-depth investigations of the mechanisms behind electrolytic reactions and chemical
processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface.