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Guo et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500041 Energy Materials
DOI: 10.20517/energymater.2024.214

Review Open Access

Advancements in lithium solid polymer batteries:

surface modification, in-situ/operando
characterization, and simulation methodologies

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Shanshan Guo , Xinpei Li , Zihao Zhang , Xiaoming Xu , Haifeng Wang , Chuanjin Zhao , Yijie Gu 1,*
1
School of Machinery and Automation, Weifang University, Weifang 261000, Shandong, China.
2
Jiangxi Anchi New Energy Technology Co. Ltd, Shangrao 334113, Jiangxi, China.
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Authors contributed equally.
*Correspondence to: Prof./Dr. Yijie Gu, School of Machinery and Automation, Weifang University, No. 5147, East Dongfeng
Street, Kuiwen District, Weifang 261000, Shandong, China. E-mail: guyijiewf@163.com
How to cite this article: Guo, S.; Li, X.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, X.; Wang, H.; Zhao, C.; Gu, Y. Advancements in lithium solid polymer
batteries: surface modification, in-situ/operando characterization, and simulation methodologies. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500041.
https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.214
Received: 14 Oct 2024 First Decision: 12 Nov 2024 Revised: 25 Nov 2024 Accepted: 5 Dec 2024 Published: 24 Jan 2025
Academic Editors: Jiazhao Wang, Jose Antonio Alonso Copy Editor: Fangling Lan Production Editor: Fangling Lan

Abstract
The interest in lithium solid-state batteries (LSSBs) is rapidly escalating, driven by their impressive energy density
and safety features. However, they face crucial challenges, including limited ionic conductivity, high interfacial
resistance, and unwanted side reactions. Intensive research has been conducted on polymer solid-state
electrolytes positioned between the anode and cathode, aiming to replace traditional liquid electrolytes. To
alleviate interfacial resistance and mitigate adverse reactions between electrodes and polymer electrolytes, the
interfacial modification strategy has been proven to enhance the energy density of LSSBs. This design process is
grounded in precise and elaborate theories, with in-situ/operando techniques and simulation methods facilitating
the interpretation and validation of structure-property relationships by simplifying them. This review first outlines
the recent advancements in surface modification strategies specifically tailored for solid polymer electrolytes.
Furthermore, it also provides an overview of innovative in-situ/operando characterizations and simulation methods
featured in recent publications, which can gain a more accurate understanding of processes that occur within
materials, devices, or chemical reactions as they are happening. Lastly, the review discusses the existing challenges
and presents a forward-looking perspective on the future of the next-generation LSSBs.

Keywords: Solid-state battery, polymer electrolytes, interface, in-situ/operando characterization, simulation
methods

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